The Menorah, the Ancient Seven-Armed Candelabrum : : Origin, Form and Significance / / Rachel Hachlili.

• Superior document: Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism Series ; Volume 68
• VerfasserIn: Hachlili, Rachel,
• Place / Publishing House: Leiden, Netherlands : : Koninklijke Brill NY,, [2001]; ©2001
• Year of Publication: 2001
• Edition: First edition.
• Language: English
• Series: Supplements to the Journal for the study of Judaism ; Volume 68.
• Physical Description: 1 online resource.

The menorah was the most important and dominant symbol in Jewish art, both in the Land of Israel and the Diaspora. The menorah was an integral part of the Temple ritual and was the most important of the Temple vessels. Its later representation served the purpose of reminding the Jews of their previous glory as well as their pride in the Temple, and expressed the longing and hope for the renewal of the Temple services and worship. Following the destruction of the Temple, the menorah took on the profound significance of the Temple. It also came to symbolize Judaism, when it was necessary to distinguish synagogues, Jewish tombs, and catacombs from Christian or pagan structures in the Land of Israel and the Diaspora . The menorah image has been found depicted in synagogues, public buildings, homes, and the funerary context throughout the Land of Israel and the Diaspora, leaving no doubt as to which are Jewish structures. The prominent position of the menorah in Jewish art emphasizes its significance. The book is presenting the art, archaeological, historical and literary evidence for the development, form, meaning, and significance of the menorah during the Second Temple period and the Late Antiquity.

Table of Contents

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Plates -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Part One The Literary and Archaeological Testimony: Interpretation -- I. History and Origin of the Menorah -- A The History of the Menorah -- B The First and Second Temple Menorah in the Light of the Sources and Archaeology -- The Tabernacle Menorah: a Lampstand -- The Menoroth in Solomon's Temple -- The Menorah in Zechariah 's Vision -- Reconstruction of Zechariah's Lampstand -- The Menorah of the Second Temple Period -- Reconstruction of the Second Temple Menorah -- C The Origin of the Menorah -- II. Description of the Finds: The Menorah in the Land of Israel and the Diaspora -- A The Second Temple Menorah -- B The Menorah on the Arch of Titus -- C Free-standing, Three-dimensional Menoroth in Synagogues -- D The Menorah in Synagogue Art and Architecture in the Land of Israel -- E The Menorah in the Diaspora Synagogue -- F Menorah Depictions in Burial Context -- G The Menorah in Daily Life Context: Mirror Plaques, Seals, Amulets, j ewellery -- H The Menorah Depicted on Clay Lamps -- III. The form of the Menorah -- A The Form of the Menorah and its Development -- The Base -- The Branches -- Light Fittings -- B The Typ ological and Chronological Development of the Form of the Menorah -- IV. Meaning, Interpretation, and Significance of the Menorah -- A The Location of the Menorah in the Tabernacle, in Solomon's Temple, and in the Second Temple -- B The Function of the Menorah in the Tabernacle, in Solomon's Temple, and in the Second Temple -- C The Menorah Location and Function in the Synagogue -- D Function and Location of the Menorah in j ewish Burial and in Everyday Life -- E Special Meanings of the Menorah -- The Symbolism of the Seven Arms and the Three-legged Base.

The Menorah Accompanied by a Hehrew Formula 190 The Carved Menorah Mounted on The Head of a Human Figure -- F Pairs of Menoroth -- G The Menorah with More or Less than Seven Arms -- H Menorah and Hanukkiyyah -- I The Significance and Symbolism of the Menorah -- J The Menorah as the Symbolic Emblem of the State of Israel -- V. The Accompanying Ritual Objects -- A The Flanking Ritual Objects -- The Shofar: a Ram's Hom -- The Lulav -- The Eth rog - a Citrus Fruit -- The Incense Shovel -- The Vase -- B Other Flanking Objects -- The Hanging (Suspended) Lamp -- Torah Scrolls -- lions Flanking the Menorah -- Birds Accompanying the Menorah -- C The Shewbread Table -- D The Torah Shrine -- E The Ark of the Scrolls -- F Conclusions -- VI. Workshops, Artists, Craftsmen, and Pattern Books -- A Workshops and Artists -- Free-standing Marble Menoroth -- Mosaic Pavements -- Chancel Screens -- Wall Paintings -- Sarcop hagi and Coffins -- Glass Pilgrim Vessels from J erusalem -- Gold Glass Workshops -- Tombstones -- Clay Lamps -- B Pattern Books -- Patterns of the Menorah -- VII. The Menorah in Other Contexts: Samaritan and Christian -- A The Menorah in the Samaritan Context -- Menorah on Samaritan Synagogue Mosaic Pavements -- Menorah on Stone -- Menorah on Samaritan Clay Lamps -- B The Menorah in Christianity -- VIII. Summary and Conclusions -- Part Two: Corpus -- Corpus of Menoroth on Finds in Israel -- IS 1 Early menoroth -- IS2 Free-standing Menoroth -- IS3 Menorah on mosaic pavements -- IS4 Menorah on lintels -- IS5 Menorah on chancel screens -- IS6 Menorah on capitals -- IS7 Menorah on columns -- IS8 Menorah on architectural elements -- IS9 Menorah on tomb doors -- IS10 Menorah on tombstones -- IS11 Menorah at the necropolis of Beth She'arim -- IS12 Menorah on bread stamps -- IS13 Menorah graffiti -- IS14 Menorah on pottery vessels.

IS15 Menorah on mirror-plaques -- IS16 Menorah on Jewellery, Amulets and Bulae -- IS17 Menorah on pilgrim vessels -- IS18 Miscellaneous -- Corpus of Menoroth on Finds in the Diaspora -- D1 Early menoroth -- D2 Free-standing menoroth -- D3 Menorah on mosaic pavements -- D4 Menorah on chancel screens -- D5 Menorah on capitals and columns -- D6 Menorah on architectural elements -- D7 Menorah on catacomb paintings -- D8 Menorah on tombstones, epitaphs and tiles -- D9 Menorah on sarcophagi -- D10 Menorah on gold glasses -- D11 Menorah on seals, weights and jewellery -- D12 Miscellaneous -- Corpus of Menoroth on Lamps Found in Israel and the Diaspora -- L1 'Darom' clay lamps -- L2 Beth Nattif lamps -- L3 Beth Nattif lamps b -- L4 Discus lamps -- L5 Caesarea round lamp -- L6 Alexandria type lamp -- L7 North African type lamp -- L8 North African variation type lamps -- L9 Miscellaneous Lamps -- L10 Ovoid, Slipper and other lamps -- L11 Samaritan lamps -- L12 Bronze lamps -- L13 Multi-nozzle lamps -- L14 Lamp mould -- Abbreviations -- Bibliography -- Glossary -- Index of subjects -- Index of sources -- Corpus, index of locations 1 -- Corpus, index of locations 2 -- Corpus, index of locations 3 -- Plates -- to Chapters -- Corpus -- Israel -- Diaspora -- Lamps -- Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism.