The protection of the underwater cultural heritage : : an emerging objective of the contemporary law of the sea / / Anastasia Strati.

• Superior document: Publications on ocean development ; Volume 23
• VerfasserIn: Stratē, Anastasia,
• Place / Publishing House: The Hague, The Netherlands ;, London ;, Boston : : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,, [1995]; ©1995
• Year of Publication: 1995
• Language: English
• Series: Publications on ocean development ; Volume 23.
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (503 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- PART ONE -- Chapter 1 - The Notion of the Underwater Cultural Heritage -- DEFINITION -- The concept of cultural heritage -- National heritage versus common heritage? -- The concept of the underwater cultural heritage -- The underwater cultural heritage as a common heritage of mankind -- CLASSIFICATION OF UNDERWATER REMAINS -- Shipwrecks and isolated objects -- Submerged sites -- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE -- Archaeological and historical value -- Artistic value -- Specific cultural value -- Educational benefits -- Commercial value -- THE UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE AS A CULTURAL RESOURCE OF THE OCEANS -- CONFLICTING INTERESTS IN THE PROTECTION OF THE UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE -- Chapter 2 - Underwater Archaeology -- NATURE AND HISTORY OF THE DISCIPLINE -- Use of the terms "underwater" and "marine -- Evolution of underwater archaeology -- The operation of an underwater archaeological project -- Search for and location of underwater sites -- Pre-disturbance survey -- Excavation and recovery techniques -- Finds drawing and photography -- Documentation and publication -- Conservation, restoration and display -- MARINE ARCHAEOLOGY AS A NEW USE OF THE OCEANS -- MARINE ARCHAEOLOGY AS DISTINCT FROM MARINE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND SALVAGE OPERATIONS -- Exclusion of marine archaeology from the notion of marine scientific research -- Marine archaeology and the law of salvage -- The concept of salvage -- Application of the law of finds in salvage cases -- Evaluation of the law of salvage in terms of protecting the underwater cultural heritage -- Chapter 3 - International and Regional Instruments Protecting the Cultural Heritage.

INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS PROTECTING CULTURAL PROPERTY IN GENERAL -- International protection of cultural property in time of war -- International protection of cultural property in time of peace -- Cultural Conventions -- Resolutions and Recommendations -- Regional protection of cultural property -- The Council of Europe -- The European Union -- The Organisation of American States -- INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS PROTECTING THE UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE -- Regional protection -- Bilateral agreements -- EVALUATION OF THE PROTECTION ACCORDED TO UNDERWATER CULTURAL PROPERTY UNDER THE CULTURAL CONVENTIONS -- PART TWO -- Introduction: The Law of the Sea -- Chapter 4 - Marine Spaces under the Sovereignty of the Coastal State -- INTERNAL WATERS -- THE GENEVA CONVENTION ON THE TERRITORIAL SEA AND THE CONTIGUOUS ZONE -- THE UN CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA -- CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW -- THE TERRITORIAL SEA -- THE GENEVA CONVENTION ON THE TERRITORIAL SEA AND THE CONTIGUOUS ZONE -- Coastal jurisdiction over foreign vessels -- Archaeological surveys as an exercise of the right of innocent passage -- Operation of national heritage laws -- THE UN CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA -- Marine archaeology and the right of innocent passage -- The notion of innocent passage -- Exercise of coastal jurisdiction during innocent passage -- Conflict between marine archaeology and the right of innocent passage -- Effect of article 303 on cultural property found within the territorial sea -- Duty to protect objects of an archaeological and historical nature -- Reservation of the rights of the identifiable owners, the law of salvage and other rules of admiralty -- CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW -- STRAITS FOR INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION -- THE GENEVA CONVENTION ON THE TERRITORIAL SEA AND THE CONTIGUOUS ZONE -- THE UN CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA.

Legal status -- Marine archaeology and the right of transit passage -- The notion of transit passage -- Exercise of coastal jurisdiction during transit passage -- Conflict between marine archaeology and transit passage -- CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW -- ARCHIPELAGIC WATERS -- THE GENEVA CONVENTION ON THE TERRITORIAL SEA AND THE CONTIGUOUS ZONE -- THE UN CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA -- CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW -- CONCLUSION -- Chapter 5 - The Contiguous Zone -- THE GENEVA CONVENTION ON THE TERRITORIAL SEA AND THE CONTIGUOUS ZONE -- Legal status -- Coastal powers in the contiguous zone -- Effect of article 24 on cultural property found on the bed of the contiguous zone -- THE UN CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA -- Genesis and development of article 303 -- Analysis of article 303(2) -- Presumption or legal fiction? -- Scope of coastal rights over archaeological objects in the 24-mile zone -- Comparison of article 303(2) with article 2 of the Draft European Convention -- Effect of article 303(3) and (4) on coastal rights over the 24-mile zone -- Reservation of the law of salvage and other rules of admiralty -- Reservation of the rights of the identifiable owners -- Reservation of laws and practices with respect to cultural exchanges -- Reservation of other international agreements and rules of international law regarding the protection of objects of an archaeological and historical nature -- Interpretation of the term "objects of an archaeological and historical nature -- The notion of "archaeological" and "historical -- Interpretation of the term "object -- Delimitation of the contiguous/archaeological zone -- CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW -- Chapter 6 - The High Seas -- THE GENEVA CONVENTION ON THE HIGH SEAS -- The principle of the freedom of the high seas -- Criteria for the legitimate exercise of a freedom of the high seas.

Jurisdictional powers on the high seas -- Marine archaeology as an exercise of a freedom of the high seas -- Degree of exclusivity of underwater archaeological activities -- Legitimacy of the designation of marine archaeological reserves -- Sanctions against illegal interference -- Conflict between marine archaeology and other sea-uses -- Flag State jurisdiction and the removal of historic shipwrecks -- Conclusion -- THE UN CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA -- Legal status -- Effect of article 303 on archaeological and historical objects found on the high seas -- Duty to protect objects of an archaeological and historical nature and to co-operate therefor -- Reservation of the rights of the identifiable owners, the law of salvage and laws and practices with respect to cultural exchanges -- Reservation of international agreements and other rules of international law regarding the protection of archaeological and historical objects -- Conclusion -- CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW -- Chapter 7 - The Continental Shelf and the Exclusive Economic Zone -- THE GENEVA CONVENTION ON THE CONTINENTAL SHELF -- The right to conduct archaeological research over the continental shelf -- Exclusion of underwater cultural property from the notion of "natural resources" and the sovereign rights of the coastal State -- Exclusion of archaeological research from the sovereign right to explore the continental shelf -- Denial of the consent regime of the coastal State -- Unilateral extension of coastal jurisdiction over underwater cultural property on the continental shelf -- Legitimacy of claims -- International and national implications -- Obligation to report the accidental recovery of cultural property during mineral exploration and exploitation activities -- THE UN CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA -- The Continental Shelf -- Legal status.

Duty of States to protect archaeological and historical objects found on the continental shelf -- The Exclusive Economic Zone -- Legal status -- Right to conduct archaeological research in the EEZ -- The effect of articles 60 and 80 upon the conduct of archaeological research in the EEZ/continental shelf -- Conflict between marine archaeology and other sea uses in the EEZ -- Conclusion -- CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW -- Chapter 8 - The International Deep Seabed -- THE GENEVA CONVENTION ON THE HIGH SEAS -- THE UN CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA -- Genesis and development of article 149 -- Analysis of article 149 -- Failure to designate an appropriate body to implement article 149 -- Substantive meaning of article 149 -- Interaction between article 149 and article 303(3) -- Duty of the Authority to protect archaeological. and historical objects -- Conflicting uses in the Area -- Conflict between marine archaeology and "activities in the Area -- Conflict between marine archaeology and "other activities in the marine environment -- Conclusion -- CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW -- Chapter 9 - Conclusion -- THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS -- THE UN CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA -- Negative factors -- Positive factors -- CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW -- PART THREE -- Chapter 10 - Future developments -- NEED TO PROTECT CULTURAL PROPERTY FOUND IN MARINE SPACES BEYOND THE 24-MILE LIMIT -- EXTENTION OF COASTAL JURISDICTION OVER THE CONTINENTAL SHELF -- Adequacy of the existing legal definition of the continental shelf -- Archaeological potential of the continental shelf -- Technological capabilities for undertaking archaeological operations on the continental shelf -- Funding of archaeological projects and enforcement of national heritage laws -- Justification of coastal claims over cultural property on the continental shelf.

Coastal interest in the protection of underwater cultural property situated on the continental shelf.