Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis

Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis / Konstantina Velkushanova, Damir Brdjanovic, Thammarat Koottatep, Linda Strande, Chris Buckley, Mariska Ronteltap.

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Faecal sludge management is recognized globally as an essential component of city-wide inclusive sanitation. However, a major gap in developing appropriate and adequate management and monitoring for faecal sludge is the ability to understand and predict the characteristics and volumes of accumulated...

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Bibliographic Details
TeilnehmendeR:
Velkushanova, Konstantina
Brdjanovic, Damir
Koottatep, Thammarat
Strande, Linda
Buckley, Chris
Ronteltap, Mariska
Place / Publishing House:[s.l.] : : IWA Publishing,, 2021.
Year of Publication:2021
Edition:1st ed.
Language:English
Physical Description:1 online resource (438 p.)
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Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Cover
  • Table of contents
  • 1. Setting the stage
  • 1.1 CITY-WIDE INCLUSIVE SANITATION
  • 1.2 WHAT IS FAECAL SLUDGE?
  • 1.3 TOWARDS STANDARDISATION OF METHODS FOR FAECAL SLUDGE ANALYSIS
  • 1.4 INTEGRATED APPROACH TO DATA COLLECTION
  • 1.5 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
  • REFERENCES
  • 2. Faecal sludge properties and considerations for characterisation
  • 2.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 2.2 TYPES OF FAECAL SLUDGE
  • 2.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FAECAL SLUDGE CHARACTERISTICS ALONG THE SANITATION SERVICE CHAIN
  • 2.3.1 Inputs to faecal sludge production
  • 2.3.1.1 Excreta
  • 2.3.1.2 Water inputs
  • 2.3.1.3 Anal cleansing materials
  • 2.3.1.4 Additional inputs
  • 2.3.2 Factors affecting characteristics of accumulated faecal sludge
  • 2.3.2.1 Technical factors
  • 2.3.2.2 Demographic factors
  • 2.3.2.3 Environmental factors
  • 2.3.2.4 Variability of accumulated faecal sludge
  • 2.3.2.5 Developments and innovations in onsite containment
  • 2.3.3 Emptying and transport
  • 2.3.3.1 Storage time or emptying frequency
  • 2.3.3.2 Manual or mechanical emptying
  • 2.3.3.3 Transportation
  • 2.3.3.4 Innovations in faecal sludge emptying and transportation
  • 2.3.4 Treatment and end use
  • 2.3.4.1 Faecal sludge treatment plants
  • 2.3.4.2 End use or disposal
  • 2.3.4.3 Innovations in treatment and end use
  • 2.3.4.4 Container-based sanitation (CBS)
  • 2.3.4.5 Summary of technologies along the sanitation service chain
  • 2.4 PROPERTIES OF FAECAL SLUDGE AND SELECTING METHODS OF CHARACTERISATION
  • 2.4.1 Faecal sludge properties
  • 2.4.1.1 Chemical and physico-chemical properties
  • 2.4.1.2 Physical properties
  • 2.4.1.3 Biological properties
  • 2.4.2 Selection of appropriate methods for characterisation
  • 2.5 SETTING UP LABORATORIES FOR FAECAL SLUDGE ANALYSIS
  • 2.5.1 Faecal sludge laboratory workflow
  • 2.5.2 Health and safety practices
  • 2.5.3 Laboratory management systems.
  • 2.5.4 Case studies of global faecal sludge laboratories
  • 2.5.5 Global Partnership of Laboratories for Faecal Sludge Analysis (GPLFSA)
  • 2.6 OUTLOOK
  • REFERENCES
  • 3. Faecal sludge sample collection and handling
  • 3.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 3.2 SAMPLING OBJECTIVE
  • 3.2.1 Containment
  • 3.2.2 Collection and transport
  • 3.2.3 Treatment
  • 3.2.4 End use
  • 3.3 REPRESENTATIVENESS
  • 3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
  • 3.4.1 Grab sampling
  • 3.4.2 Composite sampling
  • 3.5 SAMPLING AND MEASURING DEVICES
  • 3.5.1 L-stick sludge and scum measuring device
  • 3.5.2 Core sampling device
  • 3.5.3 Vacuum sludge sampling device
  • 3.5.4 Cone-shaped sampling device
  • 3.5.5 Grab sampling device - horizontal
  • 3.5.6 Grab sampling beaker device - vertical
  • 3.5.7 Automatic composite sampler
  • 3.5.8 Distance laser measuring device
  • 3.5.9 Portable penetrometer
  • 3.6 SAMPLING METHODS AND LOCATION
  • 3.6.1 Sampling in situ from onsite containment technologies
  • 3.6.2 Sampling during emptying of onsite containment technologies
  • 3.6.3 Sampling at faecal sludge treatment plants
  • 3.7 SAMPLE SIZE
  • 3.8 HEALTH AND SAFETY
  • 3.9 SAMPLE COLLECTION
  • 3.10 RECORDING OF SAMPLE COLLECTION
  • 3.11 TRANSPORT
  • 3.12 STORAGE AND PRESERVATION
  • 3.13 EXAMPLE OF SAMPLING KIT
  • 3.14 OUTLOOK
  • REFERENCES
  • 4. Experimental design for the development, transfer, scaling-up, and optimisation of treatment technologies: case studies of dewatering and drying
  • 4.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 4.2 EXPERIMENTATION IN FAECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT
  • 4.2.1 Scales of experiments
  • 4.2.2 Designing an experiment
  • 4.3 TRANSFERRING TECHNOLOGY: CONDITIONING TO IMPROVE DEWATERING
  • 4.3.1 Introduction to faecal sludge dewatering with conditioners
  • 4.3.2 Types and mechanisms of conditioners
  • 4.3.3 Key parameters for selection of conditioners and optimal dose
  • 4.3.4 Laboratory- and pilot-scale testing.
  • 4.3.5 Case studies - conditioning for improved dewatering
  • 4.4 TRANSFERRING TECHNOLOGY: THERMAL DRYING FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY OF DRIED SLUDGE FOR ENERGY
  • 4.4.1 Introduction to resource recovery of faecal sludge as solid fuel
  • 4.4.2 Introduction to faecal sludge drying
  • 4.4.3 Types and mechanisms of thermal drying (technical background)
  • 4.4.4 Key parameters when implementing thermal-drying technologies
  • 4.4.5 Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale testing
  • 4.4.6 Case studies - thermal drying for energy recovery
  • 4.5 TRANSFERRING TECHNOLOGY: MICROWAVE DRYING FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY OF DRIED SLUDGE FOR ENERGY
  • 4.5 OUTLOOK
  • REFERENCES
  • 5. Estimating quantities and qualities (Q&amp
  • Q) of faecal sludge at community to city-wide scales
  • 5.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 5.2 BACKGROUND
  • 5.2.1 Scenario projections for planning and management
  • 5.2.2 Mass balance: quantifying loadings of faecal sludge
  • 5.2.2.1 Production of excreta and faecal sludge
  • 5.2.2.2 Accumulation of faecal sludge
  • 5.2.2.3 Fate of faecal sludge
  • 5.3 STEPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION
  • 5.4 FURTHER RESEARCH AND ANALYTICAL POSSIBILITIES
  • 5.4.1 Remote sensing
  • 5.4.2 Additional spatial analysis
  • 5.4.3 Interrelationships between sludge characteristics
  • 5.4.4 Evaluating categories of data to evaluate separately
  • 5.4.5 Predictive models
  • 5.5 OUTLOOK
  • REFERENCES
  • 6. Towards city-wide inclusive sanitation (CWIS) modelling: modelling of faecal sludge containment/treatment processes
  • 6.1 BACKGROUND
  • 6.2 INTRODUCTION TO MODELLING - LEARNING FROM ACTIVATED SLUDGE MODELS
  • 6.2.1 What is a model?
  • 6.2.2 Modelling basics
  • 6.2.2.1 Model building
  • 6.2.2.2 General activated sludge model set-up
  • 6.2.2.3 The matrix notation
  • 6.2.2.4 Wastewater treatment models
  • 6.2.2.5 Modelling protocols
  • 6.3 TOWARDS AN ONSITE SANITATION MODELLING FRAMEWORK.
  • 6.3.1 Onsite sanitation modelling: formulation of objectives
  • 6.3.2 Onsite sanitation modelling: process description
  • 6.3.2.1 Portable toilets
  • 6.3.2.2 Single pit latrines
  • 6.3.2.3 Septic tanks
  • 6.3.3 Onsite sanitation modelling: data collection and verification
  • 6.3.4 Onsite sanitation modelling: model structure
  • 6.3.4.1 Model structure of commonly used onsite sanitation systems
  • 6.3.4.2 Model structures of other sanitation systems
  • 6.3.5 Onsite sanitation modelling: characterisation of flows
  • 6.3.6 Onsite sanitation modelling: calibration and validation
  • 6.3.7 Onsite sanitation modelling: detailed characterisation
  • 6.3.7.1 Faecal sludge characterisation and fractionation
  • 6.3.7.2 Inhibition and toxicity
  • 6.3.7.3 Pathogen inactivation
  • 6.3.8 Modelling applications, benefits and challenges
  • 6.4 OUTLOOK
  • REFERENCES
  • 7. Faecal sludge simulants: review of synthetic human faeces and faecal sludge for sanitation and wastewater research
  • 7.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 7.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF FAECES AND FAECAL SLUDGE
  • 7.2.1 Faeces
  • 7.2.2 Faecal sludge
  • 7.3 SYNTHETIC FAECES AND FAECAL SLUDGE FOUND IN THE LITERATURE
  • 7.3.1 Physical parameters
  • 7.3.1.1 Faeces simulants
  • 7.3.1.2 Faecal sludge simulants
  • 7.3.2 Chemical, biological, and thermal parameters
  • 7.3.2.1 Faeces simulants
  • 7.3.2.2 Faecal sludge simulants
  • 7.4 DISCUSSION
  • 7.4.1 Development of a new simulant
  • 7.4.1.1 Synthetic faeces
  • 7.4.1.2 Synthetic faecal sludge
  • 7.5 CONCLUSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 8. Laboratory procedures and methods for characterisation of faecal sludge
  • 8.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 8.2 HEALTH AND SAFETY (H&amp
  • S)
  • 8.2.1 Monitoring and responsibilities
  • 8.2.2 Standard operating procedures (SOPs)
  • 8.2.3 Handling of faecal sludge
  • 8.2.3.1 Personal protective equipment
  • 8.2.3.2 Vaccinations / inoculations.
  • 8.2.3.3 'Clean' and 'dirty' work areas
  • 8.2.3.4 Sampling
  • 8.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL (QA/QC)
  • 8.3.1 Training
  • 8.3.2 Standard operating procedures
  • 8.3.3 Laboratory facilities
  • 8.3.4 Sample chain of command
  • 8.3.4.1 Laboratory photographs and notebooks
  • 8.3.4.2 Equipment maintenance and calibration
  • 8.3.4.3 Reporting of results
  • 8.3.4.4 Checking compliance
  • 8.3.5 Quality control
  • 8.4 SELECTION OF THE APPROPRIATE METHOD FOR THE PURPOSE OF CHARACTERISATION
  • 8.4.1 Faecal sludge storage and preservation
  • 8.4.2 Faecal sludge sample preparation for analysis
  • 8.2.4.1 Homogenisation of samples
  • 8.2.4.2 Dilution of samples
  • 8.2.4.3 Filtration
  • 8.2.4.4 Centrifugation
  • 8.4.3 Sample and chemical disposal
  • 8.5 SHIPPING AND RECEIVING OF FAECAL SLUDGE SAMPLES AND EQUIPMENT
  • 8.6 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
  • 8.6.1 Solids and moisture content
  • 8.6.1.1 Total solids and moisture content - volumetric and gravimetric methods by oven drying3
  • 8.6.1.1.1 Introduction
  • 8.6.1.1.2 Safety precautions
  • 8.6.1.1.3 Apparatus and instruments
  • 8.6.1.1.4 Quality control
  • 8.6.1.1.5 Sample preservation
  • 8.6.1.1.6 Sample preparation
  • 8.6.1.1.7 Analysis protocol
  • 8.6.1.1.8 Calculation
  • 8.6.1.1.9 Data set example
  • 8.6.1.2 Volatile and fixed solids - ignition method5
  • 8.6.1.2.1 Introduction
  • 8.6.1.2.2 Safety precautions
  • 8.6.1.2.3 Apparatus and instruments
  • 8.6.1.2.4 Quality control
  • 8.6.1.2.5 Sample preservation
  • 8.6.1.2.6 Sample preparation
  • 8.6.1.2.7 Analysis protocol
  • 8.6.1.2.8 Calculation
  • 8.6.1.2.9 Data set example
  • 8.6.1.3 Total suspended solids and total dissolved solids - oven drying method6
  • 8.6.1.3.1 Introduction
  • 8.6.1.3.2 Safety precaution
  • 8.6.1.3.3 Apparatus and instruments
  • 8.6.1.3.4 Quality control
  • 8.6.1.3.5 Sample preservation.
  • 8.6.1.3.6 Sample preparation.

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