Global Health Economics.

• Superior document: World Scientific Series In Global Health Economics And Public Policy ; v.5
• Author: Revill, Paul.
• TeilnehmendeR: Suhrcke, Marc.; Moreno-serra, Rodrigo.; Sculpher, Mark.; Goddard, Maria.
• Place / Publishing House: Singapore : : World Scientific Publishing Company,, 2020.; ©2020.
• Year of Publication: 2020
• Language: English
• Series: World Scientific Series In Global Health Economics And Public Policy
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (378 pages)

This book contains a collection of works showcasing the latest research into global health economics conducted by leading experts in the field from the Centre for Health Economics (CHE) at the University of York and other partner research institutions. Each chapter focuses upon an important topic in global health economics and a number of separate research projects. The discussion delves into health care policy evaluation; economic evaluation; econometric and other analytic methods; health equity and universal health coverage; consideration of cost-effectiveness thresholds and opportunity costs in the health sector; health system challenges and possible solutions; and others. Case study examples from a variety of low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) settings are also showcased in the final part of this volume. The research presented seeks to contribute toward increasing understanding on how health policy can be enhanced to improve the welfare of LMIC populations. It is strongly recommended for public health policymakers and analysts in low- and middle-income country settings and those affiliated to international health organizations and donor organizations.

Table of Contents

Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- About the Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1. Background -- 2. Objectives -- 3. Organization of the Book -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Funding Acknowledgments -- Editorial - Global Health Economics Research and Policymaking: A Perspective from a Global Health Think Tank -- References -- Part 1 Health Care Provision and Health -- Chapter 1 Assessing the Impact of Health Care Expenditures on Mortality Using Cross-Country Data -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. BGG model -- 2.2. MSS model -- 2.3. A hybrid model -- 2.3.1. Data structure -- 2.3.2. Outcome variables -- 2.3.3. Health care expenditure -- 2.3.4. Instrumental variables -- 2.3.5. Covariates -- 3. Data -- 3.1. Data imputation -- 4. Results -- 4.1. Replication results -- 4.1.1. Replication of BGG -- 4.1.2. Sensitivity checks -- 4.1.3. Replication of MSS -- 4.1.4. Sensitivity checks -- 4.2. Hybrid model analysis -- 4.2.1. Hybrid model analysis BGG: The "traditional IV approach" -- 4.2.2. Sensitivity checks -- 4.2.3. Streamlined model analysis MSS: The "Brückner IV approach" -- 4.2.4. Sensitivity checks -- 4.3. Specification and robustness checks -- 5. Discussion -- 5.1. Data limitations -- 5.2. Methodological limitations -- 5.3. Policy implications -- 5.4. Implications for future research -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 2 Economic Evaluation -- Chapter 2 Allocating Scarce Resources - Tools for Priority Setting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Understanding Available Priority Setting Tools for Use in LMICs -- 2.1. Review of priority setting tools -- 2.1.1. Cost-benefit analysis -- 2.1.2. Cost-effectiveness analysis -- 2.1.3. Generalized cost-effectiveness analysis -- 2.1.4. Extended cost-effectiveness analysis -- 2.1.5. Multicriteria decision analysis -- 2.1.6. Mathematical programming -- 3. Discussion -- References.

Chapter 3 Cost-Effectiveness Thresholds: Guiding Health Care Spending for Population Health Improvement -- Summary -- 1. Part 1: Introduction -- 2. Part 2. Deciding When to Invest in Health Care Interventions - A Guide for Policymakers -- 2.1. Who is this guide for? -- 2.2. What is the challenge facing policymakers and budget holders? -- 2.3. What assessments are required when choosing a cost-effectiveness threshold for use within a jurisdiction or by an organization? -- 2.4. Contrasting demand-side and supply-side estimates of CETs -- 2.5. What estimates of suitable thresholds for particular jurisdictions or organizations are available? -- 2.6. What CETs should be used if interventions draw upon resources not generally available for use across the whole health sector? -- 2.7. Are there other judgements, in addition to supply-side-based CETs, that are required when deciding whether to invest in particular interventions? -- 3. Part 3: Informing Health Care Investment Decisions - A Guide for Analysts -- 3.1. Who is this guide for? -- 3.2. What types of decisions does this guide inform? -- 3.3. The important distinction between "demand-side" and "supply-side" CETs -- 3.4. What "demand-side" CETs exist and have been used? -- 3.4.1. 50k and £30k per QALY CETs -- 3.4.2. CETs 1-3 times GDP per capita in a country -- 3.4.3. Stated preferences: Social value of a QALY studies -- 3.4.4. Revealed preferences: The value of a statistical life studies -- 3.5. What "supply-side" thresholds exist and can be used? -- 3.5.1. Claxton et al. (2015a) -- 3.5.2. Woods et al. (2015, 2016) -- 3.5.3. Ochalek et al. (2018) -- 4. Part 4. A Summary of the Evidence on Supply-Side Cost-Effectiveness Thresholds -- References -- Chapter 4 Fairer Decisions, Better Health for All: Health Equity and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Concepts.

2.1. Cost-effectiveness analysis -- 2.2. Health equity -- 2.3. Accounting for the social distribution of opportunity costs -- 2.4. Trade-offs between total health and health equity -- 2.5. Measuring health equity impacts -- 2.6. Quantifying health equity trade-offs -- 3. Different Approaches to Equity-Informative CEA -- 3.1. Equity evidence review -- 3.2. Equity impact analysis -- 3.3. Equity trade-off analysis -- 3.3.1 Equity constraint analysis -- 3.3.2. Equity weighting analysis -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Economic Evaluation of Social Care and Informal Care Interventions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. Study sample -- 2.2. Survey design -- 2.3. Survey implementation -- 2.4. Case studies -- 2.5. Definition of social care interventions and informal care -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Availability of official HTA and PES guidelines by national income category (n = 20) -- 3.2. Health outcome measures preferred by countries with official HTA and PES guidelines (n = 8) -- 3.3. Use of informal care in official guidelines -- 3.4. Interventions evaluated using economic evaluation -- 4. Case Studies -- 5. Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 3 Health System Issues -- Chapter 6 Paying for Performance for Health Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: An Economic Perspective -- 1. Introduction -- 2. P4P from an Economic Perspective -- 2.1. Delegation and conditionality -- 2.2. The design of P4P schemes -- 2.2.1. Linear versus nonlinear incentive schemes -- 2.2.2. Budget neutrality -- 2.2.3. Sticks or carrots? -- 2.3. Unintended consequences -- 2.3.1. Multitasking -- 2.3.2. Gaming -- 2.3.3. Selection or cherry-picking -- 2.3.4. Equity concerns -- 2.3.5. Crowding out -- 3. P4P Programme Evidence in LMIC -- 3.1. Programme characteristics.

3.2. Have they worked? Evidence from evaluated P4P programmes -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Public Financial Management and Health Service Delivery: A Literature Review -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 3. Results -- 3.1. PFM system quality -- 3.2. Quality of governance -- 3.3. Impact of PFM reforms -- 3.3.1. Impact of PFM reforms: Medium-term-expenditure frameworks -- 3.3.2. Impact of PFM reforms: Fiscal and budget transparency -- 3.3.3. Impact of PFM reforms: Participatory budgeting and community scorecards -- 3.4. Fiscal decentralization -- 3.5. Other PFM reforms -- 3.5.1. Impact of donor-related reforms -- 3.6. Reviewing the identified hypotheses -- 3.7. Summary of the evidence -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Demand-Side Financing in Health in Low-Resource Settings -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. DSF in Nepal 1 barriers to maternal services and the need for DSF in Nepal -- 2. Demand-Side Financing Mechanisms -- 2.1. DSF in Nepal 2: The government's policy response -- 3. Evidence on DSF Effectiveness and Impact -- 3.1. DSF in Nepal 3: Assessing the effectiveness of DSF -- 4. Lessons from DSF Experience in Low-Income Contexts -- 4.1. Demand-side funding complements well-funded service provision -- 4.2. How sustainable are DSF mechanisms? -- 4.3. Does DSF encourage unhealthy behavior? -- 4.4. Do DSF mechanisms swap one information asymmetry for another? -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 A New Approach to Measuring Health Development: From National Income Toward Health Coverage (and Beyond) -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. Theoretical background and data sources -- 2.2. Measuring access to care and health needs -- 2.3. Measuring financial protection in health -- 2.4. A flexible approach: Incorporating information on financial constraints.

2.5. The computation of health development indices -- 2.5.1. Access to care index -- 2.5.2. Financial protection index -- 2.5.3. Constraints index -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Overview -- 3.2. A closer look: Comparisons of health development indices and GNI classification for selected countries -- 3.3. Relative importance of access to care and financial protection for measured levels of health development -- 3.4. Computation of health development indices using subnational data: The case of India -- 4. Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Key Messages -- References -- Case Studies Application of Methods -- Chapter 10 Supporting the Development of Health Benefits Packages (HBPs): Principles and Initial Assessment for Malawi -- 1. Background -- 2. Methods -- 3. Findings and Discussion -- Key Messages -- References -- Chapter 11 Modelling and Economic Evaluation to Inform WHO HIV Treatment Guidelines -- 1. Background -- 2. Economic Evaluation in WHO HIV Treatment Guidelines -- 3. Implications and Discussion -- Key Messages -- References -- Chapter 12 Evaluating the 2014 Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax in Chile: Observational Evidence from Urban Areas -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Volume of soft drinks purchased -- 4. Discussion -- 4.1. Implications for future research -- 4.2. Implications for policy -- References -- Appendices -- Appendix 1 Supply-Side Cost-Effectiveness Threshold Estimates for All Countries -- Appendix 2 Economic Evaluation of Social Care Interventions and Informal Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries - Online Survey -- Supplementary Data - A New Approach to Measuring Health Development: From National Income Toward Health Coverage (and Beyond) -- 1. Further Results for the Computation of Health Development Indices -- 1.1. Composition of quartiles of health development indices by world regions.

1.2. Comparisons of changes in health development rankings for selected income groups and countries.