The dawn of Dutch : : language contact in the western low countries before 1200 / / Michiel de Vaan.

• Superior document: NOWELE Supplement Series, Volume 30
• VerfasserIn: Vaan, Michiel de, 1973-
• Place / Publishing House: Amsterdam ;, Philadelphia : : John Benjamins Publishing Company,, 2017.; ©2017
• Year of Publication: 2017
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: North-Western European language evolution. Supplement ; 30.
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (633 pages) :; illustrations, maps.

The Low Countries are famous for their radically changing landscape over the last 1,000 years. Like the landscape, the linguistic situation has also undergone major changes. In Holland, an early form of Frisian was spoken until, very roughly, 1100, and in parts of North Holland it disappeared even later. The hunt for traces of Frisian or Ingvaeonic in the dialects of the western Low Countries has been going on for around 150 years, but a synthesis of the available evidence has never appeared. The main aim of this book is to fill that gap. It follows the lead of many recent studies on the nature and effects of language contact situations in the past. The topic is approached from two different angles: Dutch dialectology, in all its geographic and diachronic variation, and comparative Germanic linguistics. In the end, the minute details and the bigger picture merge into one possible account of the early and high medieval processes that determined the make-up of western Dutch.

Table of Contents

Intro -- The Dawn of Dutch -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- List of maps -- List of tables -- Chapter 1. Aim and scope -- Chapter 2. Definitions of languages and stages -- Chapter 3. Sources -- 3.1 The Old Dutch corpus -- 3.2 The Middle Dutch corpus -- 3.3 The Modern Dutch corpus -- 3.4 Dialects of Modern Dutch -- 3.5 Onomastics -- 3.6 Low German -- 3.7 High German -- 3.8 Frisian -- 3.9 Old French -- Chapter 4. The spelling of Dutch -- Chapter 5. History of research on the 'Frisian question' in Belgium and the Netherlands -- Winkler -- Boekenoogen and Te Winkel -- Van Wijk and van Haeringen -- Mansion, Kloeke and Heeroma -- Back to Frisian: Gysseling, Blok, Miedema -- Taeldeman on Flanders -- van Bree and Bremmer -- Goossens and Buccini -- van Loon: No substrate -- Schrijver: Latin substrate -- Dutch and Romance -- Chapter 6. The western Low Countries in the Early and High Middle Ages -- 6.1 Physical geography in the Early Middle Ages -- 6.2 Settlement in the Early Middle Ages -- 6.3 The high medieval reclamations -- 6.4 Economy and government -- Agriculture and trade -- Freedom and slavery -- Developments after 1200 -- 6.5 Frisia -- 6.6 Holland -- 6.7 Flanders -- Chapter 7. The study of language contact -- 7.1 Theory and terminology -- 7.2 The reconstruction of language contact -- 7.3 Substrate layers -- Chapter 8. Working hypothesis and approach -- 8.1 Frisian and Franconian until 1200 -- 8.2 Contrastive historical phonology of Frisian and Franconian -- 8.2.1 Restriction to phonetics and phonology -- 8.2.2 Contrastive historical phonology -- 8.2.3 From Proto-Germanic to West Germanic -- 8.2.4 From West Germanic to Old West Frisian and Early Middle Dutch -- Chapter 9. Palatalization of velars in Old and Middle Dutch -- 9.1 The cluster T+K -- 9.1.1 Personal names in Gard(is), Roetjar.

9.1.2 The prepositions tegen 'against' and jegens 'towards' -- 9.1.3 Yerseke -- 9.1.4 The diminutive suffix -eken &gt -- -(e)tje -- 9.1.5 Kortgene -- 9.1.6 edik 'vinegar' -- 9.2 Palatalization of word-internal *g to (*)j -- 9.2.1 The evidence -- 9.2.2 Summary and discussion -- 9.3 The prefix ge-/(j)e- &lt -- *ga- -- 9.4 Initial j- &gt -- g- -- 9.4.1 The evidence -- 9.4.2 Summary -- 9.5 Recent Frisian loans in North Holland and Groningen and other irrelevant evidence -- 9.5.1 Not restricted to coastal Dutch -- 9.5.2 s for k in North Holland -- 9.5.3 s and j for g in North Holland -- 9.5.4 Flanders -- 9.6 Summary and conclusions -- Chapter 10. Other issues involving consonants -- 10.1 Retention of ft -- 10.2 Final -g &gt -- -f in Flemish -- 10.3 h- &gt -- zero, g &gt -- h, and hypercorrections -- 10.4 Metathesis of Vr to rV before xt -- 10.5 xs &gt -- ss -- 10.6 Medial þþ &gt -- ss and tt -- 10.7 Summary -- Chapter 11. Fronting of stressed a to e -- 11.1 Phonetics of short /a/ and /e/ in modern dialects -- 11.2 a &gt -- e before sk and sp -- 11.3 Dutch e for a by analogy and/or i-mutation -- 11.4 Flemish Feger- and Gent -- 11.5 Northwestern Dutch sel 'shall' -- 11.6 Summary and interpretation -- Chapter 12. Rounding of a to o -- 12.1 Before a retained nasal -- 12.2 Before a nasal which was lost -- 12.2.1 WGm. *mf -- 12.2.2 WGm. *ns -- 12.2.3 WGm. *nþ -- 12.2.4 WGm. *nx -- 12.2.5 Interpretation -- 12.3 Before l -- 12.4 Unstressed a &gt -- o near labials -- 12.5 Summary -- Chapter 13. Loss of nasals before voiceless fricatives -- 13.1 WGm. *mf, *nf -- 13.2 WGm. *ns -- 13.3 WGm. *nþ -- 13.4 Interpretation -- Chapter 14. Breaking of e to jo, ju -- Chapter 15. WGm. *u and *o in coastal Dutch -- 15.1 Research history and preliminaries -- 15.1.1 Research history -- 15.1.2 On the presence vs. absence of an i-mutation factor.

15.1.3 On the allophones *u and *o -- 15.1.4 On closed and open syllables -- 15.1.5 On the graphemics of rounded vowels -- 15.2 Unrounding of *ü -- 15.2.1 Unrounding in closed syllable -- 15.2.2 Flemish unrounding before rC -- 15.2.3 Unrounding in open syllable -- 15.2.4 Alleged evidence to be dismissed -- 15.2.5 Summary and interpretation -- 15.3 Fronting of *u and *o in coastal Dutch -- 15.3.1 Short vowel -- 15.3.2 Lengthened vowel -- 15.3.3 Etymological variation between /u/ and /ü/ -- 15.3.4 Summaries -- 15.3.5 Interpretation -- Chapter 16. WGm. *ū -- 16.1 Period and conditioning of the fronting -- 16.2 Oe-relics in coastal Dutch toponyms -- 16.3 Oe-relics in the Standard Dutch vocabulary -- 16.4 Conclusion -- Chapter 17. WGm. *ea, *eo and *ō -- 17.1 Coastal Dutch ee for StDu. ie -- 17.2 Coastal Dutch oo for StDu. oe -- 17.2.1 The Middle Dutch situation -- 17.2.2 Mid vowel relic forms in western dialects -- 17.2.3 Shortening to o -- 17.3 Coastal Dutch eu from *ō without mutation factor -- Summary -- 17.4 North Hollandish ja, aa from *eu -- Chapter 18. WGm. *ǣ -- Interpretation -- Chapter 19. Unrounding of *ǖ, *ō̈, *äü, and *iu -- 19.1 Unrounding of *ǖ -- Evidence to be dismissed -- 19.2 Unrounding of *o -- Evidence to be dismissed -- 19.3 Unrounding of *äü -- Uncertain evidence -- Evidence to be dismissed -- 19.4 Unrounding of *iu -- Discussion -- 19.5 The rise and unrounding of so-called "ui2" -- 19.6 Summary and conclusions -- Summaries -- General conclusion -- Chapter 20. WGm. *ai -- 20.1 Flemish ee and ei -- 20.2 Hollandish ie and ei -- 20.3 Dutch aa -- Summary -- 20.4 Dutch oo -- Summary -- Chapter 21. WGm. *au -- 21.1 Dutch aa -- Summary -- 21.2 Dutch oe and eu -- Chapter 22. Summary and conclusions -- 22.1 Summary of the results -- a. Consonant phenomena -- b.1 Short vowels (except *u) -- b.2 Short *u -- c. Long vowels.

22.2 Loanwords from Frisian -- 22.3 Language shift or language continuity? -- 22.4 General conclusion -- Bibliography -- Index.