Mitochondria and Anaerobic Energy Metabolism in Eukaryotes : : Biochemistry and Evolution / / William F. Martin, Marek Mentel, Aloysius G. M. Tielens.

• Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DG Ebook Package English 2021
• VerfasserIn: Martin, William F.,; Mentel, Marek,; Tielens, Aloysius G. M.,
• Place / Publishing House: Berlin ;, Boston : : De Gruyter, , [2020]; ©2021
• Year of Publication: 2020
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (XVII, 252 p.)
• Other title: Frontmatter --; Preface --; Contents --; List of figures --; List of abbreviations --; Part I: Basics --; Introduction --; 1 Anaerobes and eukaryote origin --; 2 Eukaryotes in low oxygen environments --; 3 A modern context of atmospheric evolution --; 4 Energy metabolism and redox balance --; 5 Fermentation, glycolysis, and compartmentation --; 6 Respiration is not always aerobic --; 7 Using oxygen can be optional --; 8 The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) --; 9 O2 dependent fermentations in trypanosomes --; 10 Anaerobic mitochondria --; 11 Mitochondria with and without oxygen --; 12 Hydrogenosomes and H2-producing mitochondria --; 13 Mitosomes and microaerophilia --; 14 Other organelles of mitochondrial origin --; 15 Genomes are not alive --; Part II: Well-studied examples --; 16 Anaerobic use of the mitochondrial electron-transport chain --; 17 Naegleria gruberi, a strict aerobe with an “anaerobic genome” --; 18 Malate dismutation in the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica --; 19 The roundworms Ascaris suum and Ascaris lumbricoides --; 20 Animals in tidal zones, anaerobic sediments and sulfide --; 21 Anaerobic respiration in eukaryotes, rare but there --; 22 Enzymes of anaerobic energy metabolism in algae --; 23 Wax ester fermentation in Euglena gracilis --; 24 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a jack of all trades --; 25 Organisms with hydrogenosomes --; 26 Nyctotherus ovalis and H2-producing mitochondria --; 27 Energy metabolism in organisms with mitosomes --; 28 Energy parasites --; Part III: Evolution --; 29 Why did mitochondria become synonymous with O2? --; 30 Ubiquitous mitochondria among anaerobes --; 31 Differential loss from a facultative anaerobic ancestral state --; 32 Oxygen availability in early eukaryote evolution: the Pasteurian --; 33 Evolution with mitochondrial energy metabolism --; 34 Envoi --; Bibliography --; Index
• Format: Mode of access: Internet via World Wide Web.
• ISBN: 9783110612417; 9783110750720; 9783110750706; 9783110659061; 9783110704716; 9783110704518; 9783110704808; 9783110704600
• DOI: 10.1515/9783110612417
• Access: restricted access
• Hierarchical level: Monograph
• Statement of Responsibility: William F. Martin, Marek Mentel, Aloysius G. M. Tielens.

Mitochondria are sometimes called the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells, because mitochondria are the site of ATP synthesis in the cell. ATP is the universal energy currency, it provides the power that runs all other life processes. Humans need oxygen to survive because of ATP synthesis in mitochondria. The sugars from our diet are converted to carbon dioxide in mitochondria in a process that requires oxygen. Just like a fire needs oxygen to burn, our mitochondria need oxygen to make ATP. From textbooks and popular literature one can easily get the impression that all mitochondria require oxygen. But that is not the case. There are many groups of organismsm known that make ATP in mitochondria without the help of oxygen. They have preserved biochemical relicts from the early evolution of eukaryotic cells, which took place during times in Earth history when there was hardly any oxygen avaiable, certainly not enough to breathe. How the anaerobic forms of mitochondria work, in which organisms they occur, and how the eukaryotic anaerobes that possess them fit into the larger picture of rising atmospheric oxygen during Earth history are the topic of this book.