A Source Book in Chemistry, 1900-1950 / / ed. by Henry M. Leicester.

• Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter HUP e-dition: Complete eBook Package
• MitwirkendeR: Amaldi, Edoardo,; Aston, F. W.,; Bayliss, W. M.,; Bjerrum, Niels,; Bodenstein, Max,; Bragg, W. H.,; Bragg, W. L.,; Braunshtein, A. E.,; Brickwedde, F. G.,; Brönsted, J. N.,; Buckley Harris, Albert,; Butenandt, A.,; Carothers, Wallace H.,; Chiewitz, O.,; Condon, Edward Uhler,; Consden, R.,; Cori, CarL F.,; Curie, Irene,; Dane, Elisabeth,; Debye, P.,; Deuticke, H. J.,; Diels, O.,; Donnan, Frederick George,; Embden, G.,; Emich, F.,; Engelhardt, W. A.,; Eyring, Henry,; Fajans, Kasimir,; Fermi, Enrico,; Fischer, Emil,; Fischer, Hans,; Fiske, Cyrus H.,; Friedrich, W.,; Frisch, O. R.,; Giauque, W. F.,; Gladrow, Ε. Μ.,; Gordon, A. H.,; Grignard, V.,; Hahn, Ο.,; Hantzsch, A.,; Harden, Arthur,; Hauge Abelson, PHILIP,; Hevesy, G.,; Hevesy, George,; Heyrovskv, Jarosslav,; Hofeditz, Wilhelm,; Hopkins, F. Gowland,; Hönigschmid, O.,; Ingold, С. K.,; Jacobs, W. A.,; Johnson, W. A.,; Joliot, F.,; Karrer, Paul,; Keilin, D.,; Kennedy, J. W.,; Knipping, P.,; Knoop, Franz,; Kossel, W.,; Kraft, Gert,; Krebs, H. A.,; Kritsman, M. G.,; Kurnakov, N. S.,; LEMBERT, MAX E.,; LJUBIMOWA, M. N.,; Langmuir, Irving,; Latimer, Wendell M.,; Laue, M.,; Levene, P. A.,; Lewis, Gilbert N.,; Lipmann, Fritz,; Lohmann, K.,; MURPHY, G. M.,; Macdougall, D. P.,; Martin, A. J. P.,; Mcmillan, Edwin,; Mcmillan, Ε. M.,; Meitner, Lise,; Nernst, W.,; Nichols, J. Burton,; Northrop, John H.,; Ostwald, Wolfgang,; Paneth, Fritz,; Pauling, Linus,; Pontocorvo, Bruno,; Pregl, F.,; Randall, Merle,; Rasetti, Franco,; Richards, Theodore W.,; Rittenberg, D.,; Robinson, Robert,; Rodebush, Worth H.,; Ruzicka, L.,; SANGER, F.,; Schinz, H.,; Schoenheimer, Rudolf,; Seaborg, G. T.,; Seaborg, Glenn T.,; Segrè, Emilio,; Semenoff, N.,; Sidgewick, Ν. V.,; Siedentopf, H.,; Sleight, N. R.,; Soddy, Frederick,; Spedding, F. H.,; St.-Horovitz, Mlle.,; Stanley, W. M.,; Starling, E. H.,; Starling, Ernest Henry,; Staudinger, H.,; Staudinger, Η.,; Stoll, M.,; Strassmann, F.,; Subbarow, Y.,; Sumner, James B.,; Svedberg, Theodor,; Sörensen, S. P. L.,; Tiselius, Arne,; Tswett, M.,; Urey, Harold C.,; Van Vleck, J. H.,; Voigt, A. F.,; Wahl, A. C.,; Wahl, Arthur C.,; Warburg, Otto,; Wheland, G. W.,; Wieland, Heinrich,; Young, William John,; Zhemchuzhnyi, S. F.,; Zsigmondy, R.,
• HerausgeberIn: Leicester, Henry M.,
• Place / Publishing House: Cambridge, MA : : Harvard University Press, , [2013]; ©1968
• Year of Publication: 2013
• Edition: Reprint 2014
• Language: English
• Series: Source Books in the History of the Sciences ; 10
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (408 p.) :; 11 halftones, 31 line illustrations, 23 tables

The growing interdependence of the sciences was one of the outstanding characteristics of the first half of the twentieth century. "Inevitably," Dr. Leicester points out, "this expanded vision led to closer contacts among chemists of every speciality, and also with scientists in other fields. Physics and physical chemistry were applied to organic compounds, and new substances that could not have been foreseen by the older theories were prepared. Reaction mechanisms were generalized. New borderline sciences sprang up. Chemical physics and biochemistry became sciences in their own right. Chemistry thus became a link between physics and biology." A continuation of A Source Book in Chemistry, 1400-1900 (HUP, 1952), this volume contains selections from ninety classic papers in all branches of chemistry -- papers upon which contemporary research and practices are based. The topics include such chemical techniques as microanalysis, polarography, hydrogen ion concentration, chromatography, electrophoresis, and the use of the ultramicroscope, the ultracentrifuge, and radioactive tracers; modern structural theories, with emphasis on crystal structure, radioactive decay, isotopes, molecular structure, the applications of quantum mechanics to chemistry, thermodynamics, electrolytes, and kinetics; the more recent studies on artificial radioactivity and the transuranium elements; organic chemistry, with reference to general synthetic methods, polymers, the structure of proteins, nucleic acids, alkaloids, steroids, and carotenoids; and biochemistry, including the concept of hormones and vitamins, separation of enzymes and viruses, metabolism of fats, proteins and carbohydrates, and energy production. The Source Book serves as an introduction to present-day chemistry and can also be used as supplementary reading in general chemistry courses, since, in many instances, the papers explain the circumstances under which a particular discovery was made--information that is customarily lacking in textbooks. Although the selections are classified into the usual branches of the science, it will be apparent to the reader how the discoveries in any one branch were taken up and incorporated into others.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter -- General Editor’s Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- Part I. Techniques -- ANALYTICAL METHODS -- Microanalysis -- On Microchemistry, with Special Attention to the Work of H. Behrens -- Quantitative Organic Microanalysis -- PHYSIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS -- The Inner Friction of Binary Mixtures. Characteristics of Definite Compounds -- POLAROGRAPHY -- The Processes at the Mercury Dropping Cathode. Part I. The Deposition of Metals -- Hydrogen Ion Concentration; pH -- Enzyme Studies II. The Measurement and Meaning of Hydrogen Ion Concentration in Enzymatic Processes -- OPTICAL METHODS -- The Ultramicroscope -- On Making Visible and Determining the Size of Ultramicroscopic2 Particles with Special Attention to Gold Ruby Glasses -- METHODS OF SEPARATION -- CHROMATOGRAPHY -- Physical Chemical Studies on Chlorophyll. Adsorptions -- Qualitative Analysis of Proteins: A Partition Chromatographic Method Using Paper -- The Separation of Rare Earths by Ion Exchange. I. Cerium and Yttrium -- SEPARATIONS OF PROTEINS BY SEDIMENTATION AND ELECTROPHORESIS -- Determination of the Size and Distribution of Size of Particles by Centrifugal Methods -- Sedimentation of Molecules in Centrifugal Fields -- A New Apparatus for Electrophoretic Analysis of Colloidal Mixtures -- RADIOACTIVE TRACERS -- The Absorption and Translocation of Lead by Plants. A Contribution to the Application of the Method of Radioactive Indicators in the Investigation of the Change of Substance in Plants -- Radioactive Indicators in the Study of Phosphorus Metabolism in Rats -- CRYSTAL STRUCTURE -- Interference Phenomena in Roentgen Rays -- The Reflection of X-Rays by Crystals -- Part II. General and Physical Chemistry -- ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE -- RADIOACTIVE DECAY SERIES -- Radioactive Transformations and the Periodic System of the Elements -- The Radio-Elements and the Periodic Law -- ISOTOPES -- The Atomic Weight of Lead of Radioactive Origin -- The Atomic Weight of Lead from Pitchblende -- The Constitution of Atmospheric Neon -- A Hydrogen Isotope of Mass 2 -- MOLECULAR STRUCTURE -- Molecule Formation as a Question of Atomic Structure -- The Atom and the Molecule -- The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules -- Polarity and Ionization from the Standpoint of the Lewis Theory of Valence -- Co-ordination Compounds -- DIPOLE MOMENTS -- Some Results of a Kinetic Theory of Insulators (Preliminary Communication) -- SPREADING OF FILMS ON LIQUIDS -- The Constitution and Fundamental Properties of Solids and Liquids. II Liquids -- APPLICATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS -- Significance of Tautomerism and of the Reactions of Aromatic Compounds in the Electronic Theory of Organic Reactions -- The New Quantum Mechanics -- Wave Mechanics and the Normal State of the Hydrogen Molecule -- The Nature of the Chemical Bond. V The Quantum Mechanical Calculation of the Resonance Energy of Benzene and Naphthalene and the Hydrocarbon Free Radicals -- PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY -- COLLOIDS -- On the Systematics of Colloids -- THERMODYNAMICS -- On the Calculation of Chemical Equilibrium from Thermal Measurements -- The Osmotic Pressure and Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions of Congo-Red, and Reversible Membrane Equilibria -- The Production of Temperatures below One Degree Absolute by Adiabatic Demagnetization of Gadolinium Sulfate -- ELECTROLYTES -- The Dissociation of Strong Electrolytes -- The Activity Coefficient of Strong Electrolytes -- Report on Conductivity of Strong Electrolytes in Dilute Solutions -- ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS -- The Constitution of Ampholytes, Especially the Amino Acids, and Their Dissociation Constants -- Some Remarks on the Concept of Acids and Bases -- The Constitution of Acids and Salts and Their Chemical Alterations by Solvents -- CHEMICAL KINETICS -- A Theory of Photochemical Reaction Velocities -- The Oxidation of Phosphorus Vapor at Low Pressure -- The Activated Complex in Chemical Reactions -- The Preparation of Free Methyl -- ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY -- I. Artificial Production of Radioactive Elements. II. Chemical Proof of Transmutation of Elements -- Process for the Production of Radioactive Substances -- The Detection and Behavior of the Alkaline Earth Metals Which Result from the Irradiation of Uranium by Neutrons -- Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons. A New Type of Nuclear Reaction -- Radioactive Element 93 -- Radioactive Element 94 from Deuterons on Uranium -- Radioactive Element 94 from Deuterons on Uranium -- The Chemical Properties of Elements 94 and 93 -- Part III Organic Chemistry -- SYNTHETIC METHODS -- Some New Organometallic Compounds of Magnesium and Their Application to the Synthesis of Alcohols and Hydrocarbons -- The “Diene Synthesis,” an Ideal Synthetic Principle for Organic Substances -- POLYMERS -- On Polymerization -- On the Constitution of Rubber (Sixth Paper) -- Studies on Polymerization and Ring Formation. I. An Introduction to the General Theory of Condensation Polymers -- NATURAL COMPOUNDS -- Proteins -- Proteins and Polypeptides -- NUCLEIC ACIDS -- Yeast Nucleic Acid -- Alkaloids -- A Theory of the Mechanism of the Phytochemical Synthesis of Certain Alkaloids -- LARGE RINGS -- Knowledge of Carbon Rings. II. Synthesis of Carbocyclic Ketones with Ten- to Eighteen-member Rings -- CHOLESTEROL COMPOUNDS -- Studies on the Constitution of the Bile Acids. XXXIX. Concerning 12-Hydroxycholanic Acid -- The Chemistry of the Sex Hormones -- PORPHYRINS -- Hemin and Porphyrins -- CAROTENOIDS AND VITAMIN A -- The Chemistry of Vitamins A and С -- Part IV. Biochemistry -- HORMONES AND VITAMINS -- The Mechanism of Pancreatic Secretion -- The Croonian Lectures on the Chemical Correlation of the Functions of the Body -- Feeding Experiments Illustrating the Importance of Accessory Factors in Normal Dietaries -- ENZYMES AND NUCLEOPROTEINS -- The Isolation and Crystallization of the Enzyme Urease. Preliminary Paper -- Crystalline Pepsin. I. Isolation and Tests of Purity -- Isolation of a Crystalline Protein Possessing the Properties of Tobacco-mosaic Virus -- Biological Oxidations -- The Action of Carbon Monoxide on the Metabolism of Yeast -- The Mechanism of Oxidation Processes -- Cytochrome and Intracellular Respiratory Enzymes -- FAT METABOLISM -- The Degradation of Aromatic Fatty Acids in the Animal Body -- Deuterium as an Indicator in the Study of Intermediary Metabolism. III The Role of the Fat Tissues -- PROTEINS -- METABOLISM -- The Degradation and Formation of Amino Acids by Transamination. I Exchange of 1(+) Glutamic Acid in Muscle Tissue -- DETERMINATION OF STRUCTURE -- The Free Amino Groups of Insulin -- CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM -- Anaerobic Phase -- The Alcoholic Ferment of Yeast-juice -- The Alcoholic Ferment of Yeast-Juice. Part II–The Coferment of Yeast-Juice -- The Alcoholic Ferment of Yeast-Juice. Part III–The Function of Phosphates in the Fermentation of Glucose by Yeast-Juice -- The Pyrophosphate Fraction in Muscle -- Phosphorus Compounds of Muscle and Liver -- On Intermediate Behavior in Glycolysis in the Musculature -- Glycogen Breakdown and Synthesis in Animal Tissues -- MECHANISM OF ENERGY UTILIZATION AND PRODUCTION -- Myosine and Adenosinetriphosphatase -- Metabolic Generation and Utilization of Phosphate Bond Energy -- AEROBIC PHASE -- The Role of Citric Acid in Intermediate Metabolism in Animal Tissues -- Biographies. Index -- Bibliography of Biographies -- Name Index