A Source Book in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1900–1975 / / ed. by Kenneth R. Lang, Owen Gingerich.

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• MitwirkendeR: Adams, Walter S.,; Albrecht Bethe, Hans,; Alfvén, Hannes,; Alpher, Ralph A.,; Amazaspovich Ambartsumian, Viktor,; Ambramovich Shajn, Grigory,; Angel, James R. P.,; Ash, Michael E.,; Avduevsky, V. S.,; Baade, Walter,; Bahcall, John N.,; Barabashov, N. P.,; Barrett, Alan H.,; Becklin, Eric E.,; Bell, S. Joceyln,; Bethe, Hans,; Beverly Oke, John,; Biermann, Ludwig F.,; Blaauw, Adriaan,; Bok, Bart J.,; Bolton, Charles Thomas,; Bolton, John G.,; Bondi, Hermann,; Borodin, N. F.,; Bowen, Ira Sprague,; Burbidge, E. Margaret,; Burbidge, Geoffrey R,; Burke, Bernard F.,; Campbell, Donald B.,; Chapman, Sydney,; Cocconi, Giuseppe,; Collins, Robin Ashley,; Curtis, Heber D.,; Davidovich Landau, Lev,; Davidson, Charles,; Davis, Raymond,; Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice,; Dunham, Theodore,; Dyce, Rolf B.,; Dyson, Frank Watson,; Eddington, Arthur Stanley,; Edlén, Bengt,; Einstein, Albert,; El-Baz, Farouk,; Ellery Hale, George,; Ewen, Harold I.,; Fermi, Enrico,; Fowler, Ralph Howard,; Fowler, William A.,; Franklin, Kenneth L.,; Frederick Scott, Paul,; Friedman, Herbert,; Friedmann, Aleksandr,; Gamow, George,; Giacconi, Riccardo,; Gilbert, Grove Karl,; Ginzburg, Yitalii Lazarevich,; Gold, Thomas,; Greenstein, Jesse L.,; Grotrian, Walter,; Gursky, Herbert,; Hale, George Ellery,; Hanbury Brown, Robert,; Harmer, Don S.,; Haro, Guillermo,; Hartmann, Johannes Franz,; Hayashi, Chushiro,; Hazard, Cyril,; Henry, John C.,; Herbig, George H.,; Herlofson, Nicolai,; Herman, Robert C.,; Hertzsprung, Ejnar,; Hess, Victor Franz,; Hewish, Antony,; Hey, James S.,; Hiltner, William Albert,; Hoffman, Kenneth C.,; Hoyle, Fred,; Hubble, Edwin P.,; Hulst, Hendrik C. van de,; Humason, Milton L.,; Ingalls, Richard P.,; Jansky, Karl G.,; Jeans, James H.,; Johnson, Harold L.,; Johnstone Stoney, George,; Joy, Alfred H.,; Jürgens, Raymond F.,; Kapteyn, Jacobus Cornelius,; Kemp, James C.,; Kerr, Frank J.,; Kerzhanovich, V. V.,; Kiepenheuer, Karl Otto,; Kohlschütter, Arnold,; Kraft, Robert P.,; Landstreet, John D.,; Larmor, Joseph,; Leavitt, Henrietta S.,; Lemaître, Georges,; Leovy, Conway Β.,; Lin, Chia C.,; Lindblad, Bertil,; Lipskii, Yu. N.,; Ludwig, George H.,; Lyot, Bernard,; Mackey, M. B.,; Madden, Edward H.,; Marov, M. Ya.,; Masursky, Harold,; Matthews, Thomas A.,; Mayall, Nicholas U.,; Mayer, Cornell H.,; McCauley, John F.,; McCullough, Timothy P.,; Mcllwain, Carl E.,; Meeks, M. Littleton,; Menzel, Donald H.,; Michelson, Albert Abraham,; Miller, Stanley L.,; Minkowski, Rudolph,; Minnaert, Marcel,; Morgan, William W.,; Morrison, Philip,; Moulton, Forest Ray,; Mulders, Gerard,; Muller, C. Alex,; Murdin, Paul,; Murray, Bruce C.,; Münch, Guido,; Neugebauer, Gerry,; Oort, Jan H.,; Oppenheimer, J. Robert,; Osterbrock, Donald,; Pacini, Franco,; Paolini, Frank R.,; Parsons, S. J.,; Payne, Cecilia H.,; Penzias, Arno A.,; Pettengill, Gordon H.,; Phillips, J. W.,; Pilkington, John D. H.,; Pollack, James B.,; Purcell, Edward M.,; Reber, Grote,; Reilly, Edith F.,; Ritchey, George W.,; Rogerson, John B.,; Rossi, Bruno B.,; Rozhdestvensky, M. K.,; Russell, Henry Norris,; Ryle, Martin,; Sagan, Carl,; Saha, Meghnad,; Salpeter, Edwin E.,; Sandage, Allan R.,; Savedoff, Malcolm P.,; Schmidt, Bernhard V.,; Schmidt, Maarten,; Schwarzschild, Karl,; Schwarzschild, Martin,; Schönberg, Mario,; Scoville Hall, John,; Seyfert, Carl Κ.,; Shapiro, Irwin I.,; Shapley, Harlow,; Sharpless, Stewart,; Shimmins, A. J.,; Shklovskii, Iosif S.,; Shu, Frank H.,; Slee, Ο. B.,; Slipher, Vesto M.,; Sloanaker, Russell M.,; Smith, Bradford A.,; Smith, William B.,; Spitzer, Lyman,; Stanley, Gordon J.,; Stebbins, Joel,; Struve, Otto,; Strömgren, Bengt,; Swedlund, John B.,; Trumpler, Robert J.,; Twiss, Richard Q.,; Unsöld, Albrecht,; Van Allen, James A.,; Vogt, Heinrich,; Volkoff, George M.,; Walker, Merle F.,; Webster, B. Louise,; Wegener, Alfred,; Weinreb, Sander,; Weizsäcker, Carl Friedrich von,; Westerhout, Gart,; Whipple, Fred L.,; Wildt, Rupert,; Wilson, Robert W.,; Wolf, Max,; York, Donald G.,; Zanstra, Herman,; Zwicky, Fritz,; d\x27Escourt Atkinson, Robert,; de Sitter, Wilhelm,; Öpik, Ernst,
• HerausgeberIn: Gingerich, Owen,; Lang, Kenneth R.,
• Place / Publishing House: Cambridge, MA : : Harvard University Press, , [2013]; ©1979
• Year of Publication: 2013
• Edition: Reprint 2014
• Language: English
• Series: Source Books in the History of the Sciences ; 15
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (922 p.) :; 42 halftones, 79 figures, 100 tables

Table of Contents

Frontmatter -- General Editor's Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- CHAPTER I. New Windows on the Universe -- On the Application of Interference Methods to Astronomical Measurements -- 2. A Test of a New Type of Stellar Interferometer on Sirius -- 3. Concerning Observations of Penetrating Radiation on Seven Free Balloon Flights -- 4. The Possibilities of Large Telescopes -- 5. A Rapid Coma-Free Mirror System -- 6. On the Discovery of Extraterrestrial Radio Waves -- 7. Searching for Interstellar Communications -- 8. The Photoelectric Photometry of the Stars -- 9. The First Results Obtained from Photographs of the Invisible Side of the Moon -- 10. X-Ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Observations of the Sun -- 11. Evidence for X-Rays from Sources outside the Solar System -- 12. Infrared Observations of the Galactic Center -- 13. Interstellar Deuterium Abundance in the Direction of Beta Centauri -- CHAPTER II. The Solar System -- 14. The Moon's Face: A Study of the Origin of Its Features -- 15. Of Atmospheres upon Planets and Satellites -- 16. On the Probable Existence of a Magnetic Field in Sun-Spots -- 17. How Could a Rotating Body such as the Sun Become a Magnet? -- 18. Polarization of the Moon and of the Planets Mars and Mercury -- 19. The Theory of Continental Drift -- 20. The Spectra of Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn under High Dispersion -- 21. The Mystery of Coronium and the Million-Degree Solar Corona -- 22. Corpuscular Influences upon the Upper Atmosphere -- 23. The Origin and Nature of Comets -- 24. Observations of a Variable Radio Source Associated with the Planet Jupiter -- 25. Solar Corpuscular Radiation and the Interplanetary Gas -- 26. Radiation Observations with Satellite 1958ε -- 27. The Hot Surface Temperature of Venus -- 28. Radar Determinations of the Rotations of Venus and Mercury -- 29. Mars as Viewed from Mariner 9 -- 30. The Moon after Apollo -- 31. The Encounter Theories of the Origin of the Solar System -- 32. The Nebular Theory of the Origin of the Solar System -- 33. A Production of Amino Acids under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions -- CHAPTER III. Stellar Atmospheres and Stellar Spectra -- 34. On the Radiation of Stars -- 35. Relations between the Spectra and Other Characteristics of Stars -- 36. Some Spectral Criteria for the Determination of Absolute Stellar Magnitudes -- 37. On the Radiative Equilibrium of Stars -- 38. Ionization in the Solar Chromosphere -- 39. The Abundances of the Chemical Elements in Stellar Atmospheres -- 40. On the Rotation of Stars -- 41. Intensity Measurement of the Fraunhofer Lines in the Wavelength Region 5,150 to 5,270 Å -- 42. Electron Affinity in Astrophysics -- 43. The Quantitative Analysis of the BO-Star τ Scorpii, Part II -- CHAPTER IV Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis -- 44. The Equivalence of Mass and Energy -- 45. The Internal Constitution of the Stars -- 46. The Mass-Luminosity Relation for Stars -- 47. Atomic Synthesis and Stellar Energy I, II -- 48. Element Transformation inside Stars. II -- 49. Energy Production in Stars -- 50. Nuclear Reactions in Stellar Evolution -- 51. Stellar Structure, Source of Energy, and Evolution -- 52. Nuclear Reactions in Stars without Hydrogen -- 53. Inhomogeneous Stellar Models II: Models with Exhausted Cores in Gravitational Contraction -- 54. Studies of Young Clusters and Stellar Evolution in the Early Phases of Gravitational Contraction -- 55. Synthesis of the Elements in Stars -- 56. Neutrinos from the Sun -- CHAPTER V. Variable Stars and Dying Stars -- 57. Periods of Twenty-five Variable Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud -- 58. On the Pulsations of a Gaseous Star and the Problem of the Cepheid Variables -- 59. Τ Tauri Variable Stars -- 60. Binary Stars among Cataclysmic Variables III : Ten Old Novae -- 61. The Discovery of White Dwarf Stars -- 62. On Dense Stars -- 63. Neutrino Theory of Stellar Collapse -- 64. Discovery of Circularly Polarized Light from a White Dwarf Star -- 65. On the Gravitational Field of a Point Mass according to the Einsteinian Theory -- 66. On the Theory of Stars -- 67. The Discovery of a Candidate Black Hole -- 68. Novae or Temporary Stars -- 69. On the Possible Existence of Neutron Stars -- 70. Spectra of Supernovae -- 71. The Crab Nebula -- 72. On the Nature of the Luminescence of the Crab Nebula -- 73. Energy Emission from a Neutron Star -- 74. Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source -- 75. Rotating Neutron Stars as the Origin of the Pulsating Radio Sources -- CHAPTER VI. The Distribution of Stars and the Space between Them -- 76. Investigations of the Spectrum and Orbit of Delta Orionis -- 77. Star Streaming -- 78. The Kinetic Energy of a Star Cluster -- 79. The Scale of the Universe -- 80. First Attempt at a Theory of the Arrangement and Motion of the Sidereal System -- 81. Star-Streaming and the Structure of the Stellar System -- 82. Observational Evidence for the Rotation of Our Galaxy -- 83. On the Dark Nebula NGC 6960 -- 84. The Source of Luminosity of Gaseous Nebulae -- 85. The Origin of the Nebular Lines and the Structure of the Planetary Nebulae -- 86. The Physical State of Interstellar Hydrogen -- 87. Preliminary Results on the Distances, Dimensions, and Space Distribution of Open Star Clusters -- 88. The Solid Particles of Interstellar Space -- 89. The Polarization of Starlight -- 90. The Temperature of Interstellar Matter -- 91. Radio Waves from Space : Origin of Radiowaves -- 92. The Radio Frequency Detection of Interstellar Hydrogen -- 93. Some Features of Galactic Structure in the Neighborhood of the Sun -- 94. The Galactic System as a Spiral Nebula -- 95. Density Waves in Disk Galaxies -- 96. The Discovery of Protostars (?) -- 97. Radio Observations of OH in the Interstellar Medium -- 98. Galactic Magnetic Fields and the Origin of Cosmic Radiation -- 99. Cosmic Rays and Radio Emission from Our Galaxy -- 100. Expanding Stellar Associations and the Origin of the Runaway O and Β Stars -- CHAPTER VII. Normal Galaxies, Radio Galaxies, and Quasars -- 101. Novae in Spiral Nebulae -- 102. A Spectrographic Investigation of Spiral Nebulae -- 103. Modern Theories of the Spiral Nebulae -- 104. Cepheids in Spiral Nebulae -- 105. Extra-Galactic Nebulae -- 106. A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae -- 107. On the Masses of Nebulae and of Clusters of Nebulae -- 108. Nuclear Emission in Spiral Nebulae -- 109. The Resolution of Messier 32, NGC 205, and the Central Region of the Andromeda Nebula -- 110. A Revision of the Extra-Galactic Distance Scale -- 111. Redshifts and Magnitudes of Extra-Galactic Nebulae -- 112. On the Evolution of Galaxies -- 113. Fluctuations in Cosmic Radiation at Radio Frequencies -- 114. Positions of Three Discrete Sources of Galactic Radio-Frequency Radiation -- 115. Cosmic Radiation and Radio Stars -- 116. The Origin of Cosmic Radio Noise -- 117. Identification of the Radio Sources in Cassiopeia, Cygnus A, and Puppis A -- 118. The Nature of Cosmic Radio Sources -- 119. First True Radio Star? -- 120. The Discovery of Quasars -- 121. The Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources 3C 48 and 3C 273 -- CHAPTER VIII. Relativity and Cosmology -- 122. Explanation of the Perihelion Motion of Mercury by Means of the General Theory of Relativity -- 123. A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun's Gravitational Field, from Observations Made at the Total Eclipse of May 29, 1919 -- 124. Fourth Test of General Relativity: New Radar Result -- 125. On the Curvature of Space -- 126. A Homogeneous Universe of Constant Mass and Increasing Radius accounting for the Radial Velocity of Extra-Galactic Nebulae -- 127. On the Relation between the Expansion and the Mean Density of the Universe -- 128. The Cosmical Constants -- 129. The Steady-State Theory of the Expanding Universe -- 130. The Origin of Chemical Elements -- 131. The Evolution and Physics of the Expanding Universe -- 132. A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 MHz -- Indexes -- Author Index -- Subject Index