China's War on Smuggling : : Law, Economic Life, and the Making of the Modern State, 1842-1965 / / Philip Thai.
Smuggling along the Chinese coast has been a thorn in the side of many regimes. From opium and weapons concealed aboard foreign steamships in the Qing dynasty to nylon stockings and wristwatches trafficked in the People's Republic, contests between state and smuggler have exerted a surprising b...
Saved in:
Superior document: | Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter Asian Studies Contemporary Collection eBook Package |
---|---|
VerfasserIn: | |
Place / Publishing House: | New York, NY : : Columbia University Press, , [2018] ©2018 |
Year of Publication: | 2018 |
Language: | English |
Online Access: | |
Physical Description: | 1 online resource :; 19 illustrations and 5 maps -Waiting on a higher-resolution version of image 4.1.Additional information re: illustrations layout in Notes field. |
Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
id |
9780231546362 |
---|---|
ctrlnum |
(DE-B1597)500179 (OCoLC)1040202749 |
collection |
bib_alma |
record_format |
marc |
spelling |
Thai, Philip, author. aut http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut China's War on Smuggling : Law, Economic Life, and the Making of the Modern State, 1842-1965 / Philip Thai. New York, NY : Columbia University Press, [2018] ©2018 1 online resource : 19 illustrations and 5 maps -Waiting on a higher-resolution version of image 4.1.Additional information re: illustrations layout in Notes field. text txt rdacontent computer c rdamedia online resource cr rdacarrier text file PDF rda Frontmatter -- Contents -- List of Maps, Tables, and Figures -- Acknowledgments -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. COASTAL COMMERCE AND IMPERIAL LEGACIES: Smuggling and Interdiction in the Treaty Port Legal Order -- 2. TARIFF AUTONOMY AND ECONOMIC CONTROL: The Intellectual Lineage of the Smuggling Epidemic -- 3. STATE INTERVENTIONS AND LEGAL TRANSFORMATIONS: Asserting Sovereignty in the War on Smuggling -- 4. SHADOW ECONOMIES AND POPULAR ANXIETIES: The Business of Smuggling in Operation and Imagination -- 5. ECONOMIC BLOCKADES AND WARTIME TRAFFICKING: Clandestine Political Economies Under Competing Sovereignties -- 6. STATE REBUILDING AND NEW SMUGGLING GEOGRAPHIES: Restoring and Evading Economic Controls in Civil War China -- 7. OLD MENACE IN NEW CHINA: Symbiotic Economies in the Early People's Republic -- CONCLUSION -- Character List -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index restricted access http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ec online access with authorization star Smuggling along the Chinese coast has been a thorn in the side of many regimes. From opium and weapons concealed aboard foreign steamships in the Qing dynasty to nylon stockings and wristwatches trafficked in the People's Republic, contests between state and smuggler have exerted a surprising but crucial influence on the political economy of modern China. Seeking to consolidate domestic authority and confront foreign challenges, states introduced tighter regulations, higher taxes, and harsher enforcement. These interventions sparked widespread defiance, triggering further coercive measures. Smuggling simultaneously threatened the state's power while inviting repression that strengthened its authority.Philip Thai chronicles the vicissitudes of smuggling in modern China-its practice, suppression, and significance-to demonstrate the intimate link between illicit coastal trade and the amplification of state power. China's War on Smuggling shows that the fight against smuggling was not a simple law enforcement problem but rather an impetus to centralize authority and expand economic controls. The smuggling epidemic gave Chinese states pretext to define legal and illegal behavior, and the resulting constraints on consumption and movement remade everyday life for individuals, merchants, and communities. Drawing from varied sources such as legal cases, customs records, and popular press reports and including diverse perspectives from political leaders, frontline enforcers, organized traffickers, and petty runners, Thai uncovers how different regimes policed maritime trade and the unintended consequences their campaigns unleashed. China's War on Smuggling traces how defiance and repression redefined state power, offering new insights into modern Chinese social, legal, and economic history. Issued also in print. Mode of access: Internet via World Wide Web. In English. Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (publisher's Web site, viewed 29. Mrz 2022) Customs administration China History. Smuggling China History. HISTORY / Asia / China. bisacsh Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter Asian Studies Contemporary Collection eBook Package 9783110649826 Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter Columbia University Press Complete eBook-Package 2018 9783110606607 Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter EBOOK PACKAGE COMPLETE 2018 English 9783110604252 Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter EBOOK PACKAGE COMPLETE 2018 9783110603255 ZDB-23-DGG Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter EBOOK PACKAGE History 2018 English 9783110604030 Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter EBOOK PACKAGE History 2018 9783110603149 ZDB-23-DEG print 9780231185844 https://doi.org/10.7312/thai18584 https://www.degruyter.com/isbn/9780231546362 Cover https://www.degruyter.com/document/cover/isbn/9780231546362/original |
language |
English |
format |
eBook |
author |
Thai, Philip, Thai, Philip, |
spellingShingle |
Thai, Philip, Thai, Philip, China's War on Smuggling : Law, Economic Life, and the Making of the Modern State, 1842-1965 / Frontmatter -- Contents -- List of Maps, Tables, and Figures -- Acknowledgments -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. COASTAL COMMERCE AND IMPERIAL LEGACIES: Smuggling and Interdiction in the Treaty Port Legal Order -- 2. TARIFF AUTONOMY AND ECONOMIC CONTROL: The Intellectual Lineage of the Smuggling Epidemic -- 3. STATE INTERVENTIONS AND LEGAL TRANSFORMATIONS: Asserting Sovereignty in the War on Smuggling -- 4. SHADOW ECONOMIES AND POPULAR ANXIETIES: The Business of Smuggling in Operation and Imagination -- 5. ECONOMIC BLOCKADES AND WARTIME TRAFFICKING: Clandestine Political Economies Under Competing Sovereignties -- 6. STATE REBUILDING AND NEW SMUGGLING GEOGRAPHIES: Restoring and Evading Economic Controls in Civil War China -- 7. OLD MENACE IN NEW CHINA: Symbiotic Economies in the Early People's Republic -- CONCLUSION -- Character List -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index |
author_facet |
Thai, Philip, Thai, Philip, |
author_variant |
p t pt p t pt |
author_role |
VerfasserIn VerfasserIn |
author_sort |
Thai, Philip, |
title |
China's War on Smuggling : Law, Economic Life, and the Making of the Modern State, 1842-1965 / |
title_sub |
Law, Economic Life, and the Making of the Modern State, 1842-1965 / |
title_full |
China's War on Smuggling : Law, Economic Life, and the Making of the Modern State, 1842-1965 / Philip Thai. |
title_fullStr |
China's War on Smuggling : Law, Economic Life, and the Making of the Modern State, 1842-1965 / Philip Thai. |
title_full_unstemmed |
China's War on Smuggling : Law, Economic Life, and the Making of the Modern State, 1842-1965 / Philip Thai. |
title_auth |
China's War on Smuggling : Law, Economic Life, and the Making of the Modern State, 1842-1965 / |
title_alt |
Frontmatter -- Contents -- List of Maps, Tables, and Figures -- Acknowledgments -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. COASTAL COMMERCE AND IMPERIAL LEGACIES: Smuggling and Interdiction in the Treaty Port Legal Order -- 2. TARIFF AUTONOMY AND ECONOMIC CONTROL: The Intellectual Lineage of the Smuggling Epidemic -- 3. STATE INTERVENTIONS AND LEGAL TRANSFORMATIONS: Asserting Sovereignty in the War on Smuggling -- 4. SHADOW ECONOMIES AND POPULAR ANXIETIES: The Business of Smuggling in Operation and Imagination -- 5. ECONOMIC BLOCKADES AND WARTIME TRAFFICKING: Clandestine Political Economies Under Competing Sovereignties -- 6. STATE REBUILDING AND NEW SMUGGLING GEOGRAPHIES: Restoring and Evading Economic Controls in Civil War China -- 7. OLD MENACE IN NEW CHINA: Symbiotic Economies in the Early People's Republic -- CONCLUSION -- Character List -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index |
title_new |
China's War on Smuggling : |
title_sort |
china's war on smuggling : law, economic life, and the making of the modern state, 1842-1965 / |
publisher |
Columbia University Press, |
publishDate |
2018 |
physical |
1 online resource : 19 illustrations and 5 maps -Waiting on a higher-resolution version of image 4.1.Additional information re: illustrations layout in Notes field. Issued also in print. |
contents |
Frontmatter -- Contents -- List of Maps, Tables, and Figures -- Acknowledgments -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. COASTAL COMMERCE AND IMPERIAL LEGACIES: Smuggling and Interdiction in the Treaty Port Legal Order -- 2. TARIFF AUTONOMY AND ECONOMIC CONTROL: The Intellectual Lineage of the Smuggling Epidemic -- 3. STATE INTERVENTIONS AND LEGAL TRANSFORMATIONS: Asserting Sovereignty in the War on Smuggling -- 4. SHADOW ECONOMIES AND POPULAR ANXIETIES: The Business of Smuggling in Operation and Imagination -- 5. ECONOMIC BLOCKADES AND WARTIME TRAFFICKING: Clandestine Political Economies Under Competing Sovereignties -- 6. STATE REBUILDING AND NEW SMUGGLING GEOGRAPHIES: Restoring and Evading Economic Controls in Civil War China -- 7. OLD MENACE IN NEW CHINA: Symbiotic Economies in the Early People's Republic -- CONCLUSION -- Character List -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index |
isbn |
9780231546362 9783110649826 9783110606607 9783110604252 9783110603255 9783110604030 9783110603149 9780231185844 |
callnumber-first |
H - Social Science |
callnumber-subject |
HJ - Public Finance |
callnumber-label |
HJ7071 |
callnumber-sort |
HJ 47071 T43 42018 |
geographic_facet |
China |
url |
https://doi.org/10.7312/thai18584 https://www.degruyter.com/isbn/9780231546362 https://www.degruyter.com/document/cover/isbn/9780231546362/original |
illustrated |
Not Illustrated |
dewey-hundreds |
300 - Social sciences |
dewey-tens |
360 - Social problems & social services |
dewey-ones |
364 - Criminology |
dewey-full |
364.1/336095109041 |
dewey-sort |
3364.1 12336095109041 |
dewey-raw |
364.1/336095109041 |
dewey-search |
364.1/336095109041 |
doi_str_mv |
10.7312/thai18584 |
oclc_num |
1040202749 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT thaiphilip chinaswaronsmugglinglaweconomiclifeandthemakingofthemodernstate18421965 |
status_str |
n |
ids_txt_mv |
(DE-B1597)500179 (OCoLC)1040202749 |
carrierType_str_mv |
cr |
hierarchy_parent_title |
Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter Asian Studies Contemporary Collection eBook Package Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter Columbia University Press Complete eBook-Package 2018 Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter EBOOK PACKAGE COMPLETE 2018 English Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter EBOOK PACKAGE COMPLETE 2018 Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter EBOOK PACKAGE History 2018 English Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter EBOOK PACKAGE History 2018 |
is_hierarchy_title |
China's War on Smuggling : Law, Economic Life, and the Making of the Modern State, 1842-1965 / |
container_title |
Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter Asian Studies Contemporary Collection eBook Package |
_version_ |
1770176065466007552 |
fullrecord |
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>06198nam a22008055i 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">9780231546362</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-B1597</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20220329044247.0</controlfield><controlfield tag="006">m|||||o||d||||||||</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr || ||||||||</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">220329t20182018nyu fo d z eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780231546362</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="024" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10.7312/thai18584</subfield><subfield code="2">doi</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-B1597)500179</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1040202749</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-B1597</subfield><subfield code="b">eng</subfield><subfield code="c">DE-B1597</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">nyu</subfield><subfield code="c">US-NY</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">HJ7071</subfield><subfield code="b">.T43 2018</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="072" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">HIS008000</subfield><subfield code="2">bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">364.1/336095109041</subfield><subfield code="2">23</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Thai, Philip, </subfield><subfield code="e">author.</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield><subfield code="4">http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">China's War on Smuggling :</subfield><subfield code="b">Law, Economic Life, and the Making of the Modern State, 1842-1965 /</subfield><subfield code="c">Philip Thai.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">New York, NY : </subfield><subfield code="b">Columbia University Press, </subfield><subfield code="c">[2018]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">©2018</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1 online resource :</subfield><subfield code="b">19 illustrations and 5 maps -Waiting on a higher-resolution version of image 4.1.Additional information re: illustrations layout in Notes field.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">text</subfield><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">computer</subfield><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">online resource</subfield><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="347" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">text file</subfield><subfield code="b">PDF</subfield><subfield code="2">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="t">Frontmatter -- </subfield><subfield code="t">Contents -- </subfield><subfield code="t">List of Maps, Tables, and Figures -- </subfield><subfield code="t">Acknowledgments -- </subfield><subfield code="t">INTRODUCTION -- </subfield><subfield code="t">1. COASTAL COMMERCE AND IMPERIAL LEGACIES: Smuggling and Interdiction in the Treaty Port Legal Order -- </subfield><subfield code="t">2. TARIFF AUTONOMY AND ECONOMIC CONTROL: The Intellectual Lineage of the Smuggling Epidemic -- </subfield><subfield code="t">3. STATE INTERVENTIONS AND LEGAL TRANSFORMATIONS: Asserting Sovereignty in the War on Smuggling -- </subfield><subfield code="t">4. SHADOW ECONOMIES AND POPULAR ANXIETIES: The Business of Smuggling in Operation and Imagination -- </subfield><subfield code="t">5. ECONOMIC BLOCKADES AND WARTIME TRAFFICKING: Clandestine Political Economies Under Competing Sovereignties -- </subfield><subfield code="t">6. STATE REBUILDING AND NEW SMUGGLING GEOGRAPHIES: Restoring and Evading Economic Controls in Civil War China -- </subfield><subfield code="t">7. OLD MENACE IN NEW CHINA: Symbiotic Economies in the Early People's Republic -- </subfield><subfield code="t">CONCLUSION -- </subfield><subfield code="t">Character List -- </subfield><subfield code="t">Notes -- </subfield><subfield code="t">Bibliography -- </subfield><subfield code="t">Index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="506" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">restricted access</subfield><subfield code="u">http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ec</subfield><subfield code="f">online access with authorization</subfield><subfield code="2">star</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Smuggling along the Chinese coast has been a thorn in the side of many regimes. From opium and weapons concealed aboard foreign steamships in the Qing dynasty to nylon stockings and wristwatches trafficked in the People's Republic, contests between state and smuggler have exerted a surprising but crucial influence on the political economy of modern China. Seeking to consolidate domestic authority and confront foreign challenges, states introduced tighter regulations, higher taxes, and harsher enforcement. These interventions sparked widespread defiance, triggering further coercive measures. Smuggling simultaneously threatened the state's power while inviting repression that strengthened its authority.Philip Thai chronicles the vicissitudes of smuggling in modern China-its practice, suppression, and significance-to demonstrate the intimate link between illicit coastal trade and the amplification of state power. China's War on Smuggling shows that the fight against smuggling was not a simple law enforcement problem but rather an impetus to centralize authority and expand economic controls. The smuggling epidemic gave Chinese states pretext to define legal and illegal behavior, and the resulting constraints on consumption and movement remade everyday life for individuals, merchants, and communities. Drawing from varied sources such as legal cases, customs records, and popular press reports and including diverse perspectives from political leaders, frontline enforcers, organized traffickers, and petty runners, Thai uncovers how different regimes policed maritime trade and the unintended consequences their campaigns unleashed. China's War on Smuggling traces how defiance and repression redefined state power, offering new insights into modern Chinese social, legal, and economic history.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="530" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Issued also in print.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="538" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Mode of access: Internet via World Wide Web.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="546" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">In English.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="588" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (publisher's Web site, viewed 29. Mrz 2022)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Customs administration</subfield><subfield code="z">China</subfield><subfield code="x">History.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Smuggling</subfield><subfield code="z">China</subfield><subfield code="x">History.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">HISTORY / Asia / China.</subfield><subfield code="2">bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Title is part of eBook package:</subfield><subfield code="d">De Gruyter</subfield><subfield code="t">Asian Studies Contemporary Collection eBook Package</subfield><subfield code="z">9783110649826</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Title is part of eBook package:</subfield><subfield code="d">De Gruyter</subfield><subfield code="t">Columbia University Press Complete eBook-Package 2018</subfield><subfield code="z">9783110606607</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Title is part of eBook package:</subfield><subfield code="d">De Gruyter</subfield><subfield code="t">EBOOK PACKAGE COMPLETE 2018 English</subfield><subfield code="z">9783110604252</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Title is part of eBook package:</subfield><subfield code="d">De Gruyter</subfield><subfield code="t">EBOOK PACKAGE COMPLETE 2018</subfield><subfield code="z">9783110603255</subfield><subfield code="o">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Title is part of eBook package:</subfield><subfield code="d">De Gruyter</subfield><subfield code="t">EBOOK PACKAGE History 2018 English</subfield><subfield code="z">9783110604030</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Title is part of eBook package:</subfield><subfield code="d">De Gruyter</subfield><subfield code="t">EBOOK PACKAGE History 2018</subfield><subfield code="z">9783110603149</subfield><subfield code="o">ZDB-23-DEG</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="c">print</subfield><subfield code="z">9780231185844</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.7312/thai18584</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="u">https://www.degruyter.com/isbn/9780231546362</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="3">Cover</subfield><subfield code="u">https://www.degruyter.com/document/cover/isbn/9780231546362/original</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">978-3-11-060403-0 EBOOK PACKAGE History 2018 English</subfield><subfield code="b">2018</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">978-3-11-060425-2 EBOOK PACKAGE COMPLETE 2018 English</subfield><subfield code="b">2018</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">978-3-11-060660-7 Columbia University Press Complete eBook-Package 2018</subfield><subfield code="b">2018</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">978-3-11-064982-6 Asian Studies Contemporary Collection eBook Package</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">EBA_BACKALL</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">EBA_CL_HICS</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">EBA_EBACKALL</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">EBA_EBKALL</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">EBA_ECL_HICS</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">EBA_EEBKALL</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">EBA_ESSHALL</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">EBA_PPALL</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">EBA_SSHALL</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV-deGruyter-alles</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">PDA11SSHE</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">PDA13ENGE</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">PDA17SSHEE</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">PDA5EBK</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-23-DEG</subfield><subfield code="b">2018</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="b">2017</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |