Forest Radioecology in Fukushima : : Radiocesium Dynamics, Impact, and Future.

Forest Radioecology in Fukushima : : Radiocesium Dynamics, Impact, and Future.

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Bibliographic Details
:
Hashimoto, Shoji.
TeilnehmendeR:
Komatsu, Masabumi.
Miura, Satoru.
Place / Publishing House:Singapore : : Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,, 2022.
©2022.
Year of Publication:2022
Edition:1st ed.
Language:English
Online Access:
Physical Description:1 online resource (180 pages)
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Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Foreword
  • Preface
  • Fact Sheet-15 Points to Understand the Radioactive Contamination of Forest in Fukushima
  • Geography of Fukushima
  • Overview of the Fukushima Accident
  • Fukushima Forest
  • Impact
  • To the Future
  • Contents
  • Chapter 1: Radioactive Materials Released by the Fukushima Nuclear Accident
  • 1.1 How Were the Radioactive Materials Dispersed from the Power Plant?
  • 1.2 Characteristics of Forests in Fukushima
  • 1.3 Forest Ecosystems Are Unique and Different from Cropland
  • 1.4 Column: Looking Back on that Time (1)
  • Chapter 2: Basic Knowledge to Understand Radioactive Contamination
  • 2.1 Radiation, Radioactivity, and Radioactive Materials (Radionuclides)
  • 2.2 External Exposure and Internal Exposure
  • 2.3 Becquerel (Bq) and Sievert (Sv): Units for Radioactivity and Radiation Exposure Dose
  • 2.4 Column: Looking Back on that Time (2)
  • Chapter 3: Behavior of Radiocesium in the Forest
  • 3.1 Overview of Behavior
  • 3.2 Introduction: Two Types of Radiocesiums: Cesium-134 and Cesium-137
  • 3.3 Large Changes in the Distribution of Radiocesium in the Early Post-Accident Phase
  • 3.3.1 Most of the Radiocesium that Fell on the Forest Was Initially Trapped onto the Leaves and Branches
  • 3.3.2 Then Radiocesium Transferred to the Forest Floor Through Litterfall and Rain
  • 3.3.3 Not Remain Long in the Soil Surface Organic Layer
  • 3.4 Radiocesium in Soil
  • 3.4.1 Most of the Radiocesium Remains in the Surface Layer of Mineral Soil
  • 3.4.2 Why Does Radiocesium Remain in the Surface Layer?
  • 3.4.3 Migration of Radiocesium by Soil Animals and Fungi
  • 3.5 Transfer of Radiocesium into the Tree
  • 3.5.1 Movement of Radiocesium in a Tree
  • 3.5.2 Transfer Factor: Different Species Have Different Radiocesium Concentrations in Wood
  • 3.6 Migration of Radiocesium out of the Forest
  • 3.6.1 Radiocesium Rarely Leaves the Forest.
  • 3.6.2 Little Radiocesium Re-Scattered by Forest Fires in Fukushima
  • 3.7 Predicting the Future Distribution of Radiocesium in Forests
  • 3.7.1 Reproduction and Prediction by Computer Simulation
  • 3.7.2 Future Predictions of Air Dose Rates
  • 3.7.3 How Should We Deal with the Predictions?
  • 3.8 To Summarize the Behavior of Radiocesium in the Forest
  • Chapter 4: Forest Ecosystems and Radioactive Contamination
  • 4.1 Radiocesium and Material Cycles in Forests
  • 4.2 Radiocesium in the Food Chain
  • 4.2.1 Radiocesium Concentration in Earthworms Is Lower than that in the Soil Surface Organic Layer
  • 4.2.2 Bioaccumulation Through the Food Chain Is Not Occurring
  • 4.2.3 Radiocesium Taken up by Large Wildlife
  • 4.2.4 Fungi and Radiocesium
  • 4.3 Effects of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident on Forest Ecosystems
  • 4.3.1 Radiation Effects on Living Things
  • 4.3.2 Forest Ecosystems Without Human Activity
  • 4.4 Global Fallout: Cesium-137 Has Been in Forest Ecosystems for Half a Century
  • 4.4.1 What Is Global Fallout?
  • 4.4.2 Using Radiocesium to Track the Movement of Materials in Forests
  • 4.5 Column: Looking Back on that Time (3)
  • Chapter 5: Radiation Protection and Criteria
  • 5.1 Internationally Agreed-upon Approach to Radiation Protection by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (I...
  • 5.2 Approaches to Radiation Protection in Forests
  • 5.3 Countermeasures in Contaminated Areas: The International Atomic Energy Agencyś (IAEA) Approach
  • 5.4 Concept of Setting Criteria in Japan
  • 5.4.1 Criteria of Air Dose Rates
  • 5.4.2 The Reason for the Criterion of 100 Bq/kg for Food
  • 5.4.3 8000 Bq/kg: Criterion for Waste
  • Chapter 6: Impacts of Radioactive Contamination of Forest on Life
  • 6.1 Effects of Increased Air Dose Rates
  • 6.1.1 Characteristics of Air Dose Rates in Forests.
  • Air Dose Rates in a Forest Change Generally According to the Radioactive Decay of Radiocesium, But Changes in the Distribution...
  • Decrease in Air Dose Rate Due to Radioactive Decay (About Half in 3 Years)
  • Spatial Distribution of Air Dose Rates in Forests Is Uneven
  • Air Dose Rates in Forests Are Higher than in Nearby Residential Areas
  • 6.1.2 Access Control Based on Air Dose Rates
  • Designation of Areas Under Evacuation Orders and Their Changes
  • The Limit of Air Dose Rate for Forestry Activities is 2.5 μSv Per Hour or Less
  • There Are No Restrictions on Temporary Entry into the Forest
  • 6.1.3 Forest Decontamination
  • Removing the Organic Layer Reduces the Air Dose Rate
  • The Effective Range of Forest Decontamination is 20 m
  • Does Cutting Down Forest Trees Reduce Air Dose Rates?
  • Is It Realistic to Decontaminate All Forests?
  • 6.2 Wood-Related Regulations and Their Impact
  • 6.2.1 Regulations Related to Wood
  • External Exposure from Living in Wooden Houses Is Negligible
  • Disposal of High Concentrations of Bark Is a Problem
  • Criteria (Index Values) for Firewood, Chips, and Charcoal
  • 6.2.2 The Impact on Forestry from Statistics
  • 6.2.3 Utilization of Contaminated Forests
  • Volume Reduction of Contaminated Wastes
  • Conversion to Energy Use and to Other Uses
  • 6.3 Radioactive Contamination of Wildlife
  • 6.3.1 Large Wildlife Populations Are Increasing Across the Country
  • 6.3.2 Trend of Radiocesium Concentration
  • 6.3.3 Countermeasures: Testing All Animals Slaughtered and Population Control
  • 6.4 Radiocesium Contamination of Wild Mushrooms and Wild Plants
  • 6.4.1 The Value of the Forests ́Bounty to Local Communities
  • 6.4.2 Radioactive Contamination of Wild Mushrooms
  • Species-Independent Batch Restrictions of Shipping
  • Analysis of Wild Mushrooms Using the Results of Food Monitoring.
  • The Radiocesium Concentration in Wild Mushrooms Varies Greatly Among Species
  • 6.4.3 Radioactive Contamination of Wild Plants
  • Differences in Restricted Areas of Shipping by Species and Growing Conditions
  • Why Is the Concentration in Koshiabura so High?
  • 6.4.4 Impact on Leisure Activities of Local Inhabitants
  • 6.4.5 Reduction of Radiocesium Concentration in Wild Plants by Cooking
  • 6.5 Cultivated Mushroom
  • 6.5.1 Mushroom Cultivation Is an Important Industry Within Forestry in Japan
  • 6.5.2 Contamination of Bed-Logs and Shiitake Mushrooms
  • 6.5.3 Radioactive Contamination of Deciduous Broadleaf Trees for Bed-Log Cultivation and Its Impact on Industry
  • 6.5.4 Transfer Mechanism of Radiocesium to Shiitake Mushroom
  • Transfer of Radiocesium from Bed-logs to Shiitake
  • Additional Contamination from the Growing Environment
  • 6.5.5 Countermeasures Against Contamination of Cultivated Mushrooms
  • Guidelines
  • Contamination of Deciduous Broadleaf Trees and Countermeasures
  • 6.6 Providing Information to Residents
  • 6.7 Column: Looking Back on that Time (4)
  • Chapter 7: The Future of Forests in Fukushima: How Should We Face Radioactive Contamination of Forests
  • 7.1 Key Points on Radioactive Contamination of Forests
  • 7.2 A Guide to Understanding and Dealing with the Contamination
  • 7.3 Future Measures
  • 7.4 Challenges Remaining for Researchers
  • 7.5 What Should Researchers Do in the Event of a Similar Accident?
  • 7.6 Toward the Future
  • Bibliography
  • References
  • Key Review Papers
  • Key Reports from International Agencies
  • Headings0005299898
  • Informative Web Pages
  • Headings0005299898
  • Headings0005299898
  • Index.

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