The Fiber-Optic Gyroscope, Third Edition.

• Author: Lefevre, Herve C.
• Place / Publishing House: Norwood : : Artech House,, 2022.; ©2022.
• Year of Publication: 2022
• Edition: 3rd ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (509 pages)

Table of Contents

• The Fiber-Optic Gyroscope, Third Edition
• Contents
• Foreword
• Preface to the First Edition
• Preface to the Second Edition
• Preface to the Third Edition
• Chapter 1 Introduction
• References
• Chapter 2 Principle of the Fiber-Optic Gyroscope
• 2.1 Sagnac-Laue Effect
• 2.1.1 A History of Optics from Aether to Relativity
• 2.1.2 Sagnac-Laue Effect in a Vacuum
• 2.1.3 Sagnac-Laue Effect in a Medium
• 2.2 Active and Passive Ring Resonators
• 2.2.1 Ring-Laser Gyroscope
• 2.2.2 Resonant Fiber-Optic Gyroscope
• 2.3 Passive Fiber-Ring Interferometer
• 2.3.1 Principle of the Interferometric Fiber-Optic Gyroscope
• 2.3.2 Theoretical Sensitivity of the I-FOG
• 2.3.3 Noise, Drift, and Scale Factor
• 2.3.4 ARW Versus Root PSD
• 2.3.5 Evaluation of Noise and Drift by Allan Variance (or Allan Deviation)
• 2.3.6 Allan Variance/Deviation Versus Standard Variance/Deviation
• 2.3.7 Bandwidth
• 2.3.8 Various Functions of a Gyro: Attitude Measurement, Gyro Compassing,and Inertial Navigation
• References
• Chapter 3 Reciprocity of a Fiber Ring Interferometer
• 3.1 Principle of Reciprocity
• 3.1.1 Single-Mode Reciprocity of Wave Propagation
• 3.1.2 Reciprocal Behavior of a Beam Splitter
• 3.2 Minimum Configuration of a Ring Fiber Interfero
• 3.2.1 Reciprocal Configuration
• 3.2.2 Reciprocal Biasing Modulation-Demodulation
• 3.2.3 Proper (or Eigen) Frequency
• 3.3 Reciprocity with All-Guided Schemes
• 3.3.1 Evanescent-Field Coupler (or X-Coupler or Four-Port Coupler)
• 3.3.2 Y-Junction
• 3.3.3 All-Fiber Approach
• 3.3.4 Hybrid Architectures with Integrated Optics:Y-Coupler Configuration
• 3.4 Problem of Polarization Reciprocity
• 3.4.1 Rejection Requirement with Ordinary Single-Mode Fiber
• 3.4.2 Use of Polarization-Maintaining (PM) Fiber
• 3.4.3 Use of Depolarizer
• 3.4.4 Use of an Unpolarized Source
• References.
• Chapter 4 Backreflection and Backscattering
• 4.1 Problem of Backreflection
• 4.1.1 Reduction of Backreflection with Slant Interfaces
• 4.1.2 Influence of Source Coherence
• 4.2 Problem of Backscattering
• 4.2.1 Coherent Backscattering
• 4.2.2 Use of a Broadband Source
• 4.2.3 Evaluation of the Residual Rayleigh Backscattering Noise
• References
• Chapter 5 Analysis of PolarizationNonreciprocities with BroadbandSource and High-BirefringencePolarization-Maintaining Fiber
• 5.1 Depolarization Effect in High-BirefringencePolarization-Maintaining Fibers
• 5.2 Analysis of Polarization Nonreciprocities in a Fiber GyroscopeUsing an All-Polarization-Maintaining Waveguide Configuration
• 5.2.1 Intensity-Type Effects
• 5.2.2 Comment About Length of Depolarization Ld Versus Length ofPolarization Correlation Lpc
• 5.2.3 Amplitude-Type Effects
• 5.3 Use of a Depolarizer
• 5.4 Testing with Optical Coherence Domain Polarimetry (OCDP), orToday, Distributed Polarization Crosstalk Analysis (DPXA)
• 5.4.1 OCDP, or DPXA, Based on Path-Matched White-Light Interferometry
• 5.4.2 OCDP/DPXA Using Optical Spectrum Analysis
• References
• Chapter 6 Time-Transience Related Nonreciprocal Effects
• 6.1 Effect of Temperature Transience: The Shupe Effect
• 6.2 Symmetrical Windings
• 6.3 Strain-Induced T-Dot Effect
• 6.4 Basics of Heat Diffusion and Temporal Signature of the Shupe and T-Dot Effects
• 6.5 Case of a Sinusoidal Temperature Variation
• 6.6 Simple Model of Thermally-Induced Differential Strainsin a Self-Standing Coil
• 6.6.1 Reminders About the Theory of Elasticity
• 6.6.2 Effect of the Fiber Coating
• 6.6.3 Simple Model of a Free-Standing Coil
• 6.7 Simple Viewing of Symmetrical Windings with the Thermally-Induced Differential Strains
• 6.8 Orthocyclic Winding for Hexagonal Close Packing
• 6.9 Effect of Acoustic Noise and Vibration.
• References
• Chapter 7 Truly Nonreciprocal Effects
• 7.1 Magneto-Optic Faraday Effect
• 7.2 Axial Magneto-Optic Effect
• 7.3 Nonlinear Kerr Effect
• References
• Chapter 8 Scale Factor Linearity and Accuracy
• 8.1 Problem of Scale Factor Linearity and Accuracy
• 8.2 Closed-Loop Operation Methods to Linearize Scale Factor
• 8.2.1 Use of a Frequency Shift
• 8.2.2 Use of an Analog Phase Ramp (or Serrodyne Modulation)
• 8.2.3 Use of a Digital Phase Ramp
• 8.2.4 All-Digital Closed-Loop Processing Method
• 8.2.5 Control of the Gain of the Modulation Chain with "Four-State"Modulation
• 8.2.6 Potential Spurious Lock-In (or Deadband) Effect
• 8.3 Scale Factor Accuracy
• 8.3.1 Problem of Scale Factor Accuracy
• 8.3.2 Wavelength Dependence of an Interferometer Response with a Broadband Source
• 8.3.3 Effect of Phase Modulation
• 8.3.4 Wavelength Control Schemes
• 8.3.5 Mean Wavelength Change with a Parasitic Interferometeror Polarimeter
• References
• Chapter 9 Recapitulation of the Optimal Operating Conditions and Technologies of the I-FOG
• 9.1 Optimal Operating Conditions
• 9.2 Broadband Source
• 9.2.1 Superluminescent Diode
• 9.2.2 Rare-Earth Doped Fiber ASE Sources
• 9.2.3 Excess RIN Compensation Techniques
• 9.3 Sensing Coil
• 9.4 "Heart" of the Interferometer
• 9.5 Detector and Processing Electronics
• 9.6 Summary of the Various Noises
• 9.7 Thermal Phase Noise (Optical Nyquist Noise)
• References
• Chapter 10 Alternative Approaches for the I-FOG
• 10.1 Alternative Optical Configurations
• 10.1.1 Use of a [3 × 3] Coupler
• 10.1.2 Use of a Quarter-Wave Plate
• 10.1.3 Use of a Laser Diode
• 10.2 Alternative Signal Processing Schemes
• 10.2.1 Open-Loop Scheme with Use of Multiple Harmonics
• 10.2.2 Second Harmonic Feedback
• 10.2.3 Gated Phase Modulation Feedback
• 10.2.4 Heterodyne and Pseudo-Heterodyne Schemes.
• 10.2.5 Beat Detection with Phase Ramp Feedback
• 10.2.6 Dual Phase Ramp Feedback
• 10.3 Extended Dynamic Range with Multiple Wavelength Source
• References
• Chapter 11 Resonant Fiber-Optic Gyroscope
• 11.1 Principle of Operation of an All-Fiber Ring Cavity
• 11.2 Signal Processing Method
• 11.3 Reciprocity of a Ring Fiber Cavity
• 11.3.1 Introduction
• 11.3.2 Basic Reciprocity Within the Ring Resonator
• 11.3.3 Excitation and Detection of Resonances in a Ring Resonator
• 11.4 Other Parasitic Effects in the R-FOG
• Acknowledgment
• References
• Chapter 12 Conclusions
• 12.1 The State of Development and Expectations in 1993
• 12.2 The State of the Art, Two Decades Later, in 2014, for the Second Edition
• 12.2.1 FOG Versus RLG
• 12.2.2 FOG Manufacturers, in 2014
• 12.3 The State of the Art, Today, in 2021
• 12.4 Trends for the Future and Concluding Remarks
• References
• Appendix A Fundamentals of Opticsfor the Fiber Gyroscope
• A.1 Basic Parameters of an Optical Wave: Wavelength,Frequency, and Power
• A.2 Spontaneous Emission, Stimulated Emission, and Related Noises
• A.2.1 Fundamental Photon Noise
• A.2.2 Spontaneous Emission and Excess Relative Intensity Noise
• A.2.3 Resonant Stimulated Emission in a Laser Source
• A.2.4 Amplified Spontaneous Emission
• A.3 Propagation Equation in a Vacuum
• A.4 State of Polarization of an Optical Wave
• A.5 Propagation in a Dielectric Medium
• A.5.1 Index of Refraction
• A.5.2 Chromatic Dispersion, Group Velocity, and Group Velocity Dispersion
• A.5.3 E and B, or E and H?
• A.6 Dielectric Interface
• A.6.1 Refraction, Partial Reflection, and Total Internal Reflection
• A.6.2 Dielectric Planar Waveguidance
• A.7 Geometrical Optics
• A.7.1 Rays and Phase Front
• A.7.2 Plane Mirror and Beam Splitte
• A.7.3 Lenses
• A.8 Interferences.
• A.8.1 Principle of Two-Wave Interferometry
• A.8.2 Most Common Two-Wave Interferometers:Michelson and Mach-Zehnder Interferometers, Young Double-Slit
• A.8.3 Channeled Spectral Response of a Two-Wave Interferometer
• A.9 Multiple-Wave Interferences
• A.9.1 Fabry-Perot Interferometer
• A.9.2 Ring Resonant Cavi
• A.9.3 Multilayer Dielectric Mirror and Bragg Reflector
• A.9.4 Bulk-Optic Diffraction Grating
• A.10 Diffraction
• A.10.1 Fresnel Diffraction and Fraunhofer Diffraction
• A.10.2 Knife-Edge Fresnel Diffraction
• A.11 Gaussian Beam
• A.12 Coherence
• A.12.1 Basics of Coherence
• A.12.2 Mathematical Derivation of Temporal Coherence
• A.12.3 Concept of Wave Train
• A.12.4 Case of an Asymmetrical Spectrum
• A.12.5 Case of Propagation in a Dispersive Medium
• A.13 Birefringence
• A.13.1 Birefringence Index Difference
• A.13.2 Change of Polarization with Birefringence
• A.13.3 Interference with Birefringence
• A.14 Optical Spectrum Analysis
• Bibliography
• Appendix B Fundamentals of Fiber-Optics for the Fiber-Gyroscope
• B.1 Main Characteristics of a Single-Mode Optical Fiber
• B.1.1 Attenuation of a Silica Fiber
• B.1.2 Gaussian Profile of the Fundamental Mode
• B.1.3 Beat Length and h Parameter of a PM Fiber
• B.1.4 Protective Coating
• B.1.5 Temperature Dependence of Propagation in a PM Fiber
• B.2 Discrete Modal Guidance in a Step-Index Fiber
• B.3 Guidance in a Single-Mode Fiber
• B.3.1 Amplitude Distribution of the Fundamental LP01 Mode
• B.3.2 Effective Index neff and Phase Velocity vϕ of the Fundamental LP01 Mode
• B.3.3 Group Index ng of the Fundamental LP01 Mode
• B.3.4 Case of a Parabolic Index Profile
• B.3.5 Modes of a Few-Mode Fiber
• B.4 Coupling in a Single-Mode Fiber and Its Loss Mechanisms
• B.4.1 Free-Space Coupling
• B.4.2 Misalignment Coupling Losses.
• B.4.3 Mode-Diameter Mismatch Loss of LP01 Mode.