Nanotherapeutics for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

• Author: Mukherjee, Biswajit.
• Place / Publishing House: Singapore : : Bentham Science Publishers,, 2022.; ©2022.
• Year of Publication: 2022
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (557 pages)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of death globally. Conventional chemotherapeutic agents are unable to penetrate cancerous hepatocytes completely and are toxic to non cancerous cells and tissues. This toxicity significantly compromises the therapeutic outcome of conventional chemotherapeutic agents which is also reflected in the high mortality of the disease. Nanotherapeutics have shed new light onto HCC treatment by enabling site-specific in vivo delivery of chemotherapeutics specifically to neoplastic hepatocytes without affecting normal hepatocytes. Thus, nanotherapeutics have shown considerable potential and there is tremendous impetus for rapid translation from the pre-clinical to the clinical domain to significantly prolong the survival in HCC. In Nanotherapeutics for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, authoritative experts of the field have explored the important aspects of nanotherapeutics against HCC. The book exhaustively, vividly and explicitly describes the molecular pathogenesis, diagnostic aspects and nanotherapy of HCC, while also highlighting the challenges of conventional therapy and the benefits of nanotherapeutics. Chapters of the book also cover recent investigations of nanotherapeutics against HCC, types of nanomedicines, recent patents, commercially available nanotherapeutics and a future perspective to give a comprehensive review of the topic to readers. In addition to these defining features, the book provides several references for further reading. The book is an ideal resource on HCC nanotherapeutics for medical and pharmacology postgraduate students, faculties, researchers, and biomedical scientists working on HCC and nanotherapy.

Table of Contents

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- End User License Agreement -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Diagnosis, Molecular Pathogenesis, Biomarkers, and Conventional Therapy -- Biswajit Mukherjee*, 1, Manasadeepa Rajagopalan2, Samrat Chakraborty1, Prasanta Ghosh1, Manisheeta Ray1, Ramkrishna Sen1 and Iman Ehsan1 -- INTRODUCTION -- CANCER AND ITS TYPES -- Primary Liver Cancer -- Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) -- Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer) -- Angiosarcoma and Hemangiosarcoma -- Hepatoblastoma -- Secondary Liver Cancer -- DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF HCC -- Staging System in HCC -- Risk Factors for HCC -- Pathophysiology of HCC -- Molecular and Cellular Features of the Tumor Microenvironment -- Importance of Cancer Stem Cells in HCC -- Inflammation and HCC -- Oxidative Stress in HCC -- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) -- Hypoxia and HCC -- Impairment of Cell Cycle in HCC -- Loss of Senescence Control -- Apoptosis and HCC -- Cellular Signalling Pathways in HCC -- EGF/TGF-α pathway -- Insulin Growth Factor (IGF) Pathway -- HGF/c-Met Pathway -- Signaling Pathways Involved in Neovascularization in HCC -- MAPK Pathways -- PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway -- Signaling Pathways Related to Cell Differentiation and Development -- Wnt-β Catenin Pathway -- Hedgehog (Hh) Signaling -- Notch Pathway -- Hippo Pathway -- Target Receptor(s) and Biomarker Proteins in HCC -- Asialoglycoprotein Receptor -- Glypican-3 (GPC3) -- Transferrin Receptor (TfR) -- Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) -- Tumor-Associated Glycoprotein-72 (TAG-72) -- Golgi Protein73 (GP73) -- Ki-67 Antigen -- Somatostatin Receptor (SSTR) -- Homodimeric Glycoprotein (AF-20) -- Osteopontin (OPN) -- Des-γ-Carboxyprothrombin -- α-Fetoprotein (AFP) -- Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen (SCCA) -- Hepatocyte Paraffin 1 (HepPar1) -- APO-J -- DKK-1 (Dickkopf-p1).

Human Carbonyl Reductase 2 (HCR2) -- Midkine -- Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) -- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) -- Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) -- Epidermal Growth Factor (EGFR) -- Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) -- α-1-Fucosidase -- Annexin A2 -- Micro RNA -- Circular RNAs -- Cancer Stem Markers -- CD44 -- CD133 -- CD90 -- Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) -- SURVEILLANCE AND HCC -- TREATMENT STRATEGIES -- Curative Treatments -- Surgical Resection -- Surgical Resection in Advanced HCC -- Anatomical Resection -- Laparoscopic Resection of The Liver -- Surgical Resection of Re-Occurring HCC -- Liver Transplantation -- Ablation -- Palliative Treatment -- Embolizing Therapies for HCC -- Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) -- Radiotherapy -- Systemic Therapies of HCC -- First-line Therapy -- Second-line Therapy -- Multi-Target Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors -- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor -- FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- CONCLUSIONS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Therapeutic Challenges -- Somenath Datta1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- HCC SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSIS -- CURRENT HCC THERAPEUTICS AND THEIR CHALLENGES -- Importance of Staging Systems and Their Challenges in Prognostic Assessments -- Surgical Resection and Liver Transplantation: Challenges in HCC Therapeutics -- Non-surgical Therapies: Locoregional Therapies and Their Challenges -- Percutaneous Ablation -- Trans-Arterial Therapies -- Systemic Therapies and Their Challenges -- Multi-kinase Inhibitors (MKIs) and Challenges with Drug Resistance -- Current Challenges with Drug-resistance -- Current Immunotherapies and Their Challenges -- Nanotechnology-Based HCC Therapeutics: Current Opportunities and Challenges -- HCC THERAPEUTICS: FUTURE PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUSIONS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Nanoformulations and Their Therapeutic Advantages -- D. Nedra Karunaratne1,*, Thusini D. Wijerathne1, Nuwanthi P. Katuwavila2 and Geethi K. Pamunuwa3 -- INTRODUCTION -- Brief Introduction to Nanomedicine -- Designing Nanoformulations for Therapeutics -- Types of Therapeutic Nanoformulations -- Targeted Delivery Applications -- Advantages of Nanoformulations -- Methods of Administration -- Increased Solubility and Absorption -- Delivery to Target Tissues -- Maintaining a Steady Drug Concentration in the System -- Penetrating Impermeable Barriers -- APPLICATIONS OF NANOFORMULATIONS IN CANCER THERAPY -- Nanoformulations as Therapeutics in Cancer Treatment -- Liposomes -- Conventional Liposomes -- Stealth Liposomes -- Immunoliposomes -- Thermosensitive Liposomes -- pH-Sensitive Liposomes -- Photosensitive Liposomes -- Cationic Liposomes -- Commercial Liposomal Anticancer Products -- Polymeric Nanoparticles -- Solid Lipid Nanoparticles -- Metal Nanoparticles -- Dendrimers -- Emulsions -- Nanoformulation Targeting Strategies -- Passive Targeting -- Active Targeting -- Other Nanoparticle-Based Strategies for Cancer Therapy -- Dual Delivery -- Triggered Cancer Therapy -- THERAPEUTIC ADVANTAGES OF NANOFORMULATIONS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA -- Nanoformulations for Hepatocellular Carcinoma -- Types of Nanoformulations -- Mechanism of Action of Nanoformulations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma -- Vitamin Based Active Targeting -- Antibody-Based Active Targeting -- Peptide-Based Active Targeting -- Aptamer Mediated Active Targeting -- Key Milestones -- Limitations -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Nanoformulations to Limit Challenges of Conventional Therapy Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma - An Overview.

Suresh Ajmeera1 and V. Badireenath Konkimalla1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- Anticancer Drugs in HCC and its Limitations -- HCC Chemotherapy and Molecular Targets -- Small Molecule and Antibody-Based Inhibitors in HCC -- miRNAs Based Therapeutics in HCC -- Multidrug Therapy in HCC -- Need for Nanoformulations in HCC -- Site-specific Drug Transporter Systems in HCC -- Nanoformulations in HCC - a Detailed Summary -- Current Status Clinical Trials for different Nanoformulation used in HCC -- FUTURE SCOPE -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Nanotherapeutics for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma -- Kishor Mazumder1,2,3,4,*, Md. Emran Hossain2 and Asma Aktar2 -- INTRODUCTION -- HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: AN OVERVIEW -- Pathogenesis of HCC and Molecular Targets -- Current Treatment Approaches for HCC -- Barriers for Management of HCC -- NANOTHERAPEUTICS: A NOVEL APPROACH -- Method of Preparing Nanoparticles -- NANOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR MANAGEMENT OF HCC -- HCC TARGETING MECHANISMS BY NANOPARTICLES -- Active Targeting -- Active Targeting of Ligands by Specific Macromolecules -- Active Targeting of Small Molecular Ligands -- Passive Targeting -- Stimuli-Responsive Nanocarriers Targeting -- Magnetic Field Responsive Nanoparticles -- pH-Responsive Nanoparticles -- Hypoxia-Responsive Nanoparticles -- NANOTHERANOSTIC APPROACH FOR MANAGEMENT OF HCC -- IMPACT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL FACTORS OF NANOPARTICLES ON HCC MANAGEMENT -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- A Summarized View of Lipid, Polyplex, Inorganic, and Carbon-Based Nanotherapeutics for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment -- Riddhi Trivedi1, Sanjay Arora1, Richard N. L. Lamptey1, Bivek Chaulagain1, Jagdish Singh1,* and Buddhadev Layek1,*.

INTRODUCTION -- Nanotherapeutics for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) -- Lipid-based Nanotherapeutics -- Polymer-Based Nanotherapeutics -- Inorganic Nanoparticles -- Carbon-Based Nanotherapeutics -- Nanotherapeutics Under Clinical Trials -- CONCLUSIONS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Aptamers and Their Potential in Site-Specific Nanotherapy Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma -- Debasmita Dutta1,2, Samrat Chakraborty2,3, Biswajit Mukherjee2, Moumita Dhara2 and Laboni Das4 -- INTRODUCTION -- Therapeutic Approach for HCC: Active vs. Passive Targeting and Aptamer. -- Aptamer as a Targeting Molecule and its Modifications for In Vivo Stability -- Aptamer and HCC -- Aptamers and In Vivo Imaging in HCC -- Aptamers and Targeted Delivery in HCC -- Aptamer-Functionalized Theranostic in HCC -- Mechanisms of Aptamer Internalization -- Factors Affecting In Vivo Therapeutic Potency of Aptamer -- Resistant to Nuclease Enzyme -- Renal Filtration -- Safety of Aptamers -- SELEX Technology for the Identification and Selection of Aptamers -- Purified Membrane Protein-Based SELEX -- Live Cell-Based SELEX -- Some Prospective Use of Aptamers in HCC Therapy -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Preclinical Studies on Nanocarrier-Mediated Delivery of Radiosensitizing Agents to Brain and Pancreatic Cancer with a Future Projection to Liver Cancer -- Peter Sminia1,*, Pei Pei Che1,2, Ben J. Slotman1 and Elisa Giovannetti2,3 -- INTRODUCTION -- Nanocarrier-Mediated Drug Delivery to Brain Tumours -- Nanocarrier Delivery of the Targeted MAPK Inhibitor Binimetinib -- Nanocarrier Delivery of the Natural Compound Curcumin -- Section III -- Nanotechnological Strategies in Pancreatic Cancer -- Applications of Gold Nanoparticles in Pancreatic Cancer -- Section IV.

Perspective for Liver Cancer Therapy.