New Dimensions of Connectivity in the Asia-Pacific.

• Superior document: Paftad Series
• Author: Findlay, Christopher.
• TeilnehmendeR: Tangkitvanich, Somkiat.
• Place / Publishing House: Canberra : : ANU Press,, 2021.; ©2021.
• Year of Publication: 2021
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Paftad Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (276 pages)

There is no bigger policy agenda in the East Asian region than connectivity. Costs of international connectivity are indeed falling, in the movement of goods, services, people and data, leading to greater flows, and to the reorganisation of business and the emergence of new forms of international transactions.

Table of Contents

Intro -- Abbreviations -- List of figures -- Figure 1.1 Quality of infrastructure in Asia, 2019 -- Figure 1.2 Trade costs of Asia and Pacific subregions with large developed economies, 1995-2017 -- Figure 1.3 Logistics Performance Index, Asia's subregions, 2007, 2012, 2018 -- Figure 1.4 Logistics Performance Index dimensions: Asia, 2007, 2012, 2018 -- Figure 1.5 Distance to 'best-performer frontier' in trading across borders by region, 2019 -- Figure 1.6 Time and cost to export and import, Asia's subregions, 2014 and 2019 -- Figure 1.7 Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index: Asia and Asia's subregions, 2006-17 -- Figure 1.8 Dimensional subindexes to the Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index: Asia's subregions, 2017 -- Figure 1.9 Dimensional contributions to the Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index: Asia and Asia's subregions, 2006 versus 2017 -- Figure 2.1 BRI-related transport projects by 2018 -- Figure 2.2 Number of China-Europe Railway Express trains, 2011-18 -- Figure 2.3 Average decline in shipping time by economy: Lower bound -- Figure 2.4 Average decline in shipping time by economy: Upper bound -- Figure 2.5 Internet users and access to mobile broadband, 2018 -- Figure 2.6 Average decline in trade costs by economy: Lower bound -- Figure 2.7 Average decline in trade costs by economy: Upper bound -- Figure 2.8 Export-promoting effects of BRI infrastructure improvements: Upper bound -- Figure 2.9 Trade-promoting effects of BRI infrastructure improvements and policy coordination -- Figure 2.10 Trade facilitation scores for the BRI economic corridors, 2013 and 2018 -- Figure 2.11 Structure of BRI corridor economies' trade networks, 2003 -- Figure 2.12 Structure of BRI corridor economies' trade networks, 2017 -- Figure 2.13 Promotion effects on FDI of BRI infrastructure improvements.

Figure 2.14 Relationship between Corruption Perception Index and Rule of Law Index for BRI economies, 2017 -- Figure 2.15 Control of Corruption scores for the BRI economies, 2018 -- Figure 2.16 BRI road and railway projects in relation to biodiversity risks -- Figure 3.1 GMS economic corridors -- Figure 3.2 Landsat mission schedule -- Figure 3.3 Data-processing steps -- Figure 3.4 Changes in border export and import values -- Figure 3.5 Cross-border traffic volume -- Figure 3.6 Year-on-year change in built-up area expansion -- Figure 3.7 Year-on-year change in GPP -- Figure 3.8a Location of newly created built-up areas in 2000 (second bridge) -- Figure 3.8b Location of newly created built-up areas in 2004 (second bridge) -- Figure 3.8c Location of newly created built-up areas in 2005 (second bridge) -- Figure 3.8d Location of newly created built-up areas in 2009 (second bridge) -- Figure 3.9 Radius analysis for Mukdahan and Savannakhet (second bridge) -- Figure 3.10 Annual increase in built-up area in Mukdahan and Savannakhet (second bridge) -- Figure 3.11a Location of new built-up areas in 2000 (third bridge) -- Figure 3.11b Location of new built-up areas in 2005 (third bridge) -- Figure 3.11c Location of new built-up areas in 2010 (third bridge) -- Figure 3.11d Location of new built-up areas in 2015 (third bridge) -- Figure 3.12 Radius analysis for Nakhon Phanom and Khammouan (third bridge) -- Figure 3.13 Annual increase in built-up area in Nakhon Phanom and Khammouan (third bridge) -- Figure 4.1 Individuals using the internet in selected Southeast Asian economies (percentage of population) -- Figure 4.2 E-commerce adoption by country, 2017 -- Figure 4.3 Telecommunications, computer and information services trade, ASEAN member countries.

Figure 4.4 Digital adoption by individuals, governments and businesses relative to world average, ASEAN member countries -- Figure 4.5 Broadband internet penetration in ASEAN member countries (percentage of population) -- Figure 4.6 Digital payments use is still relatively limited -- Figure 4.7 Logistics performance indicators: Selected key indicators, 2018 -- Figure 4.8 Digital IDs in the digital economy ecosystem -- Figure 5.1 Increase in trade connections: Whole of Thailand -- Figure 5.2 Increase in trade connections by region in Thailand -- Figure 5.3 Sankey diagram: Own region versus outside own region-before e-commerce -- Figure 5.4 Sankey diagram: Own region versus outside own region-after e-commerce -- Figure 5.5 Waterfall chart: Decomposing into extensive versus intensive margins -- Figure 5.6 Share of trade connection increase based on extensive versus intensive margins -- Figure 5.7 Impact on household income from e-commerce by region -- Figure 6.1 Active users of Alipay and WeChat, 2013-18 (million persons) -- Figure 6.2 Transaction volume of mobile payments in China (RMB trillion) -- Figure 6.3 Rapid regional convergence of fintech development, 2011 -- Figure 6.4 Rapid regional convergence of fintech development, 2018 -- Figure 6.5 Return rates on term deposits and Yu'e Bao (per cent) -- List of boxes and tables -- Box 1 Master Plan of ASEAN Connectivity -- Table 1.1 Pairwise Pearson correlation coefficients of ARCII dimensional indexes, 2006-16 -- Table 1.2 Generalised method of moments estimation results: Growth regressions -- Table 1.3 Generalised method of moments estimation results: Inequality regressions -- Table 1.4 Generalised method of moments estimation results: Poverty regressions -- Appendix Table 1.1 ARCII dimensions and indicators.

Appendix Table 1.2 Variables in growth, inequality and poverty regressions: Description and sources -- Appendix Table 1.3 Control variables in growth, poverty and inequality regressions -- Table 2.1 Average pre-BRI shipping time within and between regions, 2013 -- Table 2.2 Changes in BRI regional trade flows -- Table 2.3 Changes in upstream dependence of the BRI economies on North America, Western Europe and China, 2010-17 (per cent) -- Table 2.4 Changes in the downstream influence of North America, Western Europe and China on the BRI economies, 2010-17 (per cent) -- Table 2.5 Sovereign credit risk ratings of the BRI countries and regions, 2017-18 -- Table 3.1 Thailand-Laos friendship bridges -- Table 3.2 High-level indicators for local urbanisation -- Table 3.3 Examples of the various bands in Landsat 5 and 8 -- Table 3.4 Final satellite imagery data source -- Table 4.1 Digital economy foundations at a glance -- Table 4.2 Digital economy indicators in selected Southeast Asian countries -- Table 4.3 High-level digital skills categories -- Table 4.4 Legal frameworks in ASEAN countries for electronic transactions, data protection, privacy and online purchases -- Table 4.5 Policy priorities summary for developing Southeast Asian countries -- Table 5.1 All Thai SMEs versus our sample -- Table 5.2 Summary statistics -- Table 5.3 Change in household income after entering e-commerce -- Table 5.4 Impact on sellers (Group A) -- Table 5.5 Change in employment after adopting e-commerce (Group A) -- Table 5.6 Impact on sellers (Group B) -- Table 5.7 Share of sellers selling outside own region (per cent) -- Table 5.8 Average number of trade connections -- Table 5.9 Share of households reporting an increase in income, by region (per cent) -- Table 5.10 Use of profits -- Table 5.11 Motivation for entering into e-commerce.

Table 6.1 Main policy documents on mobile payments in China -- Table 7.1 OECD FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index -- Table 7.2 Infrascope Index scores, 2018 -- Contributors -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1. Infrastructure connectivity and regional integration in Asia and the Pacific: Evidence from a new index of economic integration -- 2. China's Belt and Road Initiative: Contributions to connectivity -- 3. The connectivity of the Greater Mekong Subregion: A view from the sky -- 4. The digital economy in Southeast Asia: Emerging policy priorities and opportunities for regional collaboration -- 5. Connecting locals to locals: Market discovery through e-commerce -- 6. Digital connectivity in China and Asia: The case of mobile payments -- 7. The investment agenda.