How to Practice Academic Medicine and Publish from Developing Countries? : : A Practical Guide.
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| Place / Publishing House: | Singapore : : Springer,, 2021. ©2022. |
| Year of Publication: | 2021 |
| Edition: | 1st ed. |
| Language: | English |
| Online Access: | |
| Physical Description: | 1 online resource (475 pages) |
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Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Foreword
- Acknowledgements
- Why This Book?
- Contents
- About the Authors
- Authors and Coauthors
- Authors
- R.L. Sapra
- Ishwar Verma
- Veronica Arora
- Kusum Verma
- Coauthors
- Amira Khan
- Sana Saeed
- Khadija Humayun
- Part I: Introduction
- 1: Academic Medicine and the Social Determinants of Health
- 1.1 What Is Academic Medicine?
- 1.2 What Are the Social Determinants of Health?
- 1.3 How Can Physicians Help Address Social Determinants of Health?
- 1.4 What Are Boyer's Principles of Academic Scholarship?
- 1.5 What Can Be the Role of Academic Medicine in Addressing Social Determinants of Health?
- 1.6 Boyer's Principles of Academic Scholarship, Academic Medicine, and Social Determinants of Health
- 1.7 What Is the Way Forward?
- References
- Part II: Background
- 2: Why Should We Publish Papers?
- 2.1 What Is Academic Medicine?
- 2.2 What Are the Duties of a Doctor in an Academic Institution?
- 2.3 Is Publication in Medical Journals a New Phenomenon?
- 2.4 What Are the Main Reasons for Publications?
- 2.5 Are There Any Other Reasons for Publications?
- 2.6 Does Publishing Negative Studies Also Give You Fame?
- 2.7 Fraudulent Publication and the Case of Dr. John Darsee?
- 2.8 Conclusions
- References
- 3: Overcoming the Initial Barriers to Publication and the Role of the Mentors?
- 3.1 What Is India's Contribution to the World's Medical Publications?
- 3.2 Are the Numbers of Publications from India Increasing?
- 3.3 Is Quantity or Quality More Important in Publications?
- 3.4 Should Faculty and Students from All Medical Colleges Publish Papers. Does this Not Detract from Patient Care and Teaching?
- 3.5 How Much Does the Private Sector Contribute Towards Research?.
- 3.6 Is the Recent Medical Council of India (MCI) Rule Linking Publications to Faculty Promotion the Main Reason for the Surge in Publication Numbers?
- 3.7 Can We Expect India's Unique Health Issues to Be Solved By the Developed World?
- 3.8 What Are the Various Barriers to Quality Publication Output from India?
- 3.9 How Can a Clinician Take Out Time from His/Her Schedule for Publication?
- 3.10 Do Our Institutes Lack the Infrastructure for Research and Publication?
- 3.11 Do We Need Finances to Start Writing for Publication?
- 3.12 Do We Have an Attitude Towards or an Aptitude for Research?
- 3.13 What Is the Role of a Mentor in Publication?
- 3.14 Conclusions
- References
- 4: When Should We Start Doing Research and Publishing Papers?
- 4.1 Is Research Methodology Taught in the Undergraduate Syllabus?
- 4.2 What Is the Brain Drain?
- 4.3 Is an Internship a Good Time To Do Research?
- 4.4 What Are the Requirements of Research During Post-Graduation?
- 4.5 How Can We Increase the Student-Based Research Activities in Our Country?
- 4.6 Are There Any Journals That Publish Papers Directed Mainly at Students?
- 4.7 How Can We Increase Our Research Output After Post-Graduation?
- 4.8 Conclusions
- References
- 5: Does Research Improve Patient Care?
- 5.1 Are Patient Care and Clinical Research Related Activities?
- 5.2 How Can One Blend Research with Practice?
- 5.3 How Should I Start Research in My Institution?
- 5.4 What is Evidence-based Medicine?
- 5.5 How Can Research Data Be Incorporated into Clinical Practice?
- 5.6 What are the Limitations of Medical Care in Developing Countries?
- 5.7 How Can Commonly Available Data Help in Research?
- 5.8 What is Health Outcomes Research?
- 5.9 How is Research Perceived among Doctors?
- 5.10 Conclusions
- References.
- 6: The Status of Biomedical Research in Some Developing Countries
- 6.1 What Is a 'Developing Nation'?
- 6.2 Which Continent Produces the Largest Number of Research Papers?
- 6.3 Latin America
- 6.3.1 How Can the Developing Nations from Latin America Be Divided?
- 6.3.2 Has There Been a Recent Increase in Biomedical Research from Latin America?
- 6.3.3 In Which Field Has Latin America Progressed?
- 6.3.4 Who Are the Regional Leaders Among the Latin American Nations?
- 6.3.5 Is There Any Data from the Medium Development Index Countries?
- 6.3.6 Are There Any Specialties That Are Producing More Papers?
- 6.3.7 What Is the Reason for the Low Visibility of Latin American Journals?
- 6.3.8 What are the Other Reasons for the Low Scientific Output from Latin America?
- 6.3.9 Are Open Access Journals the Way Forward for Latin America?
- 6.4 Africa
- 6.4.1 How Can One Divide Africa's Nations into Various Regions?
- 6.4.2 Is It True That Africa's Research Output Has Increased?
- 6.4.3 What Are the Factors Contributing to This Promising Trend?
- 6.4.4 What Could Be the Key Contributor to This Promising Growth?
- 6.4.5 What Is the African Index Medicus?
- 6.4.6 Are There Any Countries That Are Leading?
- 6.4.7 What Are the Top Diseases for which Research Is Going On in Africa?
- 6.5 Asia
- 6.5.1 East Asian Countries According to the Human Development Index
- 6.5.2 What Is the Research Output from South Asian Countries?
- 6.5.3 Can India Be the Leader in South Asian Health Care Over the Coming Years?
- 6.5.4 Among All the Developing Countries Where Does India Stand in Medical Research?
- 6.5.5 Is Collaborative Work on Research the Way Forward for All Developing Countries?
- References
- Part III: How to Plan a Study?
- 7: How to Think of a Research Question?
- 7.1 What Is a Research Question?.
- 7.2 What Are the FINER Criteria?
- 7.3 Some Consider the FINER 'MAPS' to Be a More Complete Acronym. What Does MAPS Stand For?
- 7.4 How Do We Break Down a Research Question?
- 7.5 What Are the Steps for Framing a Research Question?
- 7.6 What Are the Examples of Bad Research Questions?
- 7.7 Conclusions
- References
- 8: What Are the Types of Study Design?
- 8.1 What Are the Various Types of Clinical Study Designs?
- 8.2 What Are the Types of Observational Studies?
- 8.3 What Is a Descriptive Study?
- 8.4 What Is Analytical Epidemiology?
- 8.5 What Are Ecological Studies?
- 8.6 What Is a Case-Control Study?
- 8.7 What Is a Cohort Study?
- 8.8 What Are Cross-Sectional Studies?
- 8.9 What Is an Experimental Study Design?
- 8.10 What Is a Randomized Controlled Trial?
- 8.11 Design of a Randomized Control Trial (Fig. 8.5)
- 8.12 What Are the Standards of Research and Reporting?
- 8.13 Conclusions
- References
- 9: How to Calculate an Adequate Sample Size?
- 9.1 What Should the Sample Size Be for a Research Study?
- 9.2 How to Calculate the Sample Size in a Descriptive Study?
- 9.2.1 Example 1: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Estimating the Prevalence of a Disease?
- 9.3 Does My Sample Size Change When Sampling Is Done from a Finite Population?
- 9.3.1 Example 2: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Estimating the Mean of an Attribute?
- 9.3.2 Example 3: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Estimating the Sensitivity and Specificity of a Diagnostic Test?
- 9.3.3 How to Calculate the Sample Size in an Analytical Study?
- 9.3.4 Example 3: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Comparing Two Proportions(Prevalence)
- 9.3.5 Example 4: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Comparing Two (Unpaired) Means in Two Populations?.
- 9.3.6 Example 5: How to Calculate the Sample Size for Comparing Two Paired Means?
- 9.4 Which Are the Free Websites/Software/Apps for Sample Size Calculation?
- 9.5 Which Are Commercial Software Available for Sample Size Calculation?
- 9.6 How Can I Determine Sample Sizes for Diagnostic Test Studies?
- 9.7 Summary
- Suggested Reading
- 10: Understanding Medical Biostatistics
- 10.1 Understanding the Basics of Biostatistics
- 10.1.1 What Are Data?
- 10.1.2 What Is a Variable?
- 10.1.3 What Are the Different Scales of Variable Measurement?
- 10.1.4 What Is the Likert Scale?
- 10.1.4.1 Example 1
- 10.1.4.2 Example 2
- 10.1.4.3 Example 3
- 10.1.4.4 Example 4
- 10.1.5 What Are Descriptive and Inferential Statistics?
- 10.1.6 What Is a Measure of Central Tendency and What Are the Various Measures of Central Tendency, Their Merits and Demerits?
- 10.1.6.1 Mean
- 10.1.6.2 Median
- 10.1.6.3 Mode
- 10.1.6.4 Example
- 10.1.6.5 Less Frequently Used Measures
- 10.1.7 What Is Dispersion or Variability in a Data Set and How Is It Measured?
- 10.1.7.1 Range
- 10.1.7.2 Interquartile Range
- 10.1.7.3 Standard Deviation
- 10.1.7.4 Median Absolute Deviation
- 10.1.8 What Is Meant by the Distribution of Data?
- 10.1.9 What Is a Normal Distribution Curve?
- 10.1.10 What Is Skewness and What Are Its Implications?
- 10.1.11 What Is a Kurtosis and What Are Implications?
- 10.1.12 Is There Any Relationship Between Skewness and the Three Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median, and Mode)?
- 10.1.13 What Is an Outlier in a Data Set?
- 10.1.14 Why Do Outliers Occur?
- 10.1.15 How Can We Detect Outliers?
- 10.1.16 How Should We Handle Outliers?
- 10.1.17 What Is Data Heaping?
- 10.1.18 What Is the Difference Between a Parameter and an Estimate?
- 10.1.19 What Are Inferential Methods?.
- 10.1.20 What Are Inferential Methods for Proportions?.