Microplastic in the Environment : : Pattern and Process.

• Superior document: Environmental Contamination Remediation and Management Series
• Author: Bank, Michael S.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2021.; ©2022.
• Year of Publication: 2021
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Environmental Contamination Remediation and Management Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (364 pages)

Table of Contents

• Intro
• Foreword
• Preface
• Microplastics on the Rise
• Acknowledgments
• Contents
• Contributors
• Chapter 1: The Microplastic Cycle: An Introduction to a Complex Issue
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Fluxes of Microplastics Across Ecosystem Compartments
• 1.3 Microplastic and Terrestrial Ecosystems
• 1.4 Microplastic and Freshwater Ecosystems
• 1.5 Microplastic and Marine Ecosystems
• 1.6 Microplastic and the Atmosphere
• 1.7 Microplastic in Biota
• 1.8 Microplastics and Public Policy
• 1.9 Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 2: Analytical Chemistry of Plastic Debris: Sampling, Methods, and Instrumentation
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 About the Analytes
• 2.3 Sampling
• 2.3.1 Aqueous Matrices
• 2.3.2 Air Samples
• 2.3.3 Sediments, Soils, and Dust
• 2.3.4 Biological Samples
• 2.3.5 Sample Preservation
• 2.4 Laboratory Processing
• 2.4.1 Sample Preparation
• 2.4.2 Chemical and Enzymatic Digestion
• 2.4.3 Physical Separation of Plastics from the Matrix: Filtration and Sieving
• 2.4.4 Density and Other Physical Separation
• 2.4.5 Solvent Extraction
• 2.5 Microplastic Detection and Instrumentation
• 2.5.1 Visual Identification
• 2.5.2 Dyes and Fluorescence Microscopy
• 2.5.3 Electron Microscopy (EM)
• 2.5.4 Chromatography
• 2.5.5 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
• 2.5.6 Raman Spectroscopy
• 2.5.7 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)
• 2.5.8 Mass Spectrometry (MS)
• 2.5.9 Thermal Analysis Techniques
• 2.5.10 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
• 2.6 Microparticle Classes of Emerging Concern
• 2.6.1 Surface Coatings/Paints
• 2.6.2 Tire Particles
• 2.7 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
• 2.8 Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 3: Evaluating Microplastic Experimental Design and Exposure Studies in Aquatic Organisms
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 MP Parameters
• 3.2.1 Chemical and Physical Character of MP.
• 3.2.2 Primary vs. Weathered MP
• 3.2.3 Microplastic Co-contaminants
• 3.2.4 Application of Labelled Microplastics in Experimental Exposure Studies
• 3.3 How to Design a Meaningful Experimental Exposure Study?
• 3.3.1 Mode of Exposure
• 3.3.2 Concentration of MP for Exposure Studies
• 3.3.3 Surfactants
• 3.3.4 Duration of Exposure
• 3.4 Recommendations
• References
• Chapter 4: Microplastics in Terrestrial and Freshwater Environments
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Microplastics in Terrestrial Environments
• 4.2.1 Agriculture
• 4.2.2 Urban Environments
• 4.2.2.1 Roads
• 4.2.3 Occurrence of Microplastics in Terrestrial Organisms
• 4.3 Pathways to Freshwater Environments
• 4.3.1 Transfers from Agricultural Environments
• 4.3.2 Transfers from Urban Environments
• 4.3.2.1 Littering and Leaching of Plastic Waste
• 4.3.2.2 Urban Drainage
• 4.3.2.3 Road Runoff
• 4.3.2.4 Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Effluents
• 4.4 Microplastics in Freshwater Systems
• 4.4.1 Microplastics in Rivers
• 4.4.2 Microplastics in Lakes
• 4.4.3 Occurrence of Microplastic in Freshwater Organisms
• 4.5 Microplastics in the Atmosphere
• 4.6 Microplastics: Where Do They End Up?
• 4.6.1 Export to the Marine Environment
• 4.6.2 Microplastic Sinks in Terrestrial and Freshwater Environments
• 4.7 Future Research Agendas
• References
• Chapter 5: Marine Microplastics and Seafood: Implications for Food Security
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Fate and Transport of Microplastics in Marine Ecosystems.
• 5.3 Microplastic in Bivalves
• 5.4 Microplastics in Echinoderms
• 5.5 Microplastics in Gastropods
• 5.6 Microplastics in Cephalopods
• 5.7 Microplastics in Crustaceans
• 5.8 Microplastics in Finfish
• 5.9 Co-contaminants Associated with Microplastics in Seafood
• 5.10 Microplastic Uptake and Toxicity in Humans.
• 5.11 Consequences of Microplastics in Marine Animals
• 5.12 Challenges and Priorities in Marine Microplastic Research
• 5.13 Future Recommendations and Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 6: Weight of Evidence for the Microplastic Vector Effect in the Context of Chemical Risk Assessment
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Guidance for Microplastic Vector Studies in the Context of Chemical Risk Assessment
• 6.2.1 Criteria for In Vivo Laboratory Studies
• 6.2.2 Criteria for Field Studies
• 6.2.3 Criteria for In Vitro Studies
• 6.2.4 Criteria for Model Scenario Studies
• 6.3 Weight of Evidence Supporting the Microplastic Vector Hypothesis in the Context of Chemical Risk
• 6.3.1 Weight of Evidence from In Vivo Laboratory Studies
• 6.3.2 Weight of Evidence from Field Studies
• 6.3.3 Weight of Evidence from In Vitro Studies
• 6.3.4 Weight of Evidence from Modelling Studies
• 6.4 Risk Assessment of Plastic-Associated Chemicals: A Case Study Illustrating the Relevance of the MP Vector Effect for Risks of Plastic-Associated Chemicals in San Diego Bay
• 6.5 Mitigation of Microplastic and Plastic-Associated Chemicals
• 6.6 General Discussion and Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 7: Ecotoxicological Impacts of Micro- and Nanoplastics in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Methods Used for Review Process
• 7.2.1 Overall Review Process
• 7.2.2 Extraction and Compilation of Data
• 7.2.3 Evaluation and Scoring of Data Quality
• 7.2.4 Treatment of Extracted Data
• 7.3 Results and Discussion
• 7.3.1 General Overview of Information Extracted from Reviewed Publications
• 7.3.1.1 Polymer Type, Morphology, Surface and Size
• 7.3.1.2 Experimental Conditions
• 7.3.1.3 Organisms Used in Ecotoxicological Studies
• 7.3.1.4 Levels of Biological Organization
• 7.3.2 Ecotoxicological Effects
• 7.3.2.1 Phytoplankton.
• 7.3.2.2 Cnidaria
• 7.3.2.3 Nematoda
• 7.3.2.4 Rotifera
• 7.3.2.5 Arthropoda
• 7.3.2.6 Annelida
• 7.3.2.7 Mollusca
• 7.3.2.8 Echinodermata
• 7.3.2.9 Chordata: Fish
• 7.3.3 Species Sensitivity Distributions
• 7.3.4 Direct and Indirect Effects at the Ecosystem/Community Level
• 7.3.5 Interaction of Plastic Particles with Chemicals
• 7.4 Challenges and Future Directions
• References
• Chapter 8: Dietary Exposure to Additives and Sorbed Contaminants from Ingested Microplastic Particles Through the Consumption of Fisheries and Aquaculture Products
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Sorption of Environmental Contaminants by Microplastics
• 8.2.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
• 8.2.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
• 8.2.3 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
• 8.2.4 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)
• 8.2.5 Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs)
• 8.3 Desorption of Environmental Pollutants from Microplastics
• 8.3.1 Leaching of Additives from Microplastics
• 8.4 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Occurrence in Foods
• 8.4.1 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Occurrence in Fisheries and Aquaculture Products
• 8.4.2 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Occurrence in Salt
• 8.4.3 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Occurrence in Water
• 8.5 Risk Profiling of Microplastics in Fisheries and Aquaculture Products
• 8.5.1 Microplastics Dietary Intake
• 8.5.2 Microplastics Uptake and Toxicity
• 8.5.3 Case Study: Exposure Assessment of Microplastic Additives and Associated Sorbed Contaminants via Shellfish Consumption
• 8.5.4 Limitations for Food Safety Risk Assessment
• 8.6 Research Gaps
• 8.7 Conclusions
• 8.8 Glossary
• 8.8.1 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Definition
• 8.8.2 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Composition
• 8.8.2.1 Monomers and Polymers
• 8.8.2.2 Flame Retardants
• 8.8.2.3 Plasticizers
• 8.8.2.4 Antioxidants and Stabilizers.
• References
• Chapter 9: The Microplastic-Antibiotic Resistance Connection
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 The Plastisphere Concept
• 9.3 Antibiotic Resistance
• 9.4 Microplastics and Antibiotic Resistance
• 9.5 Conclusions and Directions for Future Research
• References
• Chapter 10: The United Nations Basel Convention's Global Plastic Waste Partnership: History, Evolution and Progress
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 The Evolution of the Basel Convention
• 10.3 Basel Tackles Plastic Waste
• 10.4 The Plastic Waste Amendments
• 10.5 The Plastic Waste Partnership
• 10.6 Looking Ahead
• References
• Chapter 11: Solutions to Plastic Pollution: A Conceptual Framework to Tackle a Wicked Problem
• 11.1 Premises and Aims
• 11.2 Plastic Pollution as Wicked Problem
• 11.3 Problem Formulations: Consensus or Dispute?
• 11.4 What Are We Trying to Solve?
• 11.5 Solving the Waste Problem
• 11.6 Solving the Resource Problem
• 11.7 Solving the Economic Problem
• 11.8 Solving the Societal Problem
• 11.9 Solving the Systemic Problem
• 11.10 The Four Scales of Solutions
• 11.11 How to Solve the Wicked Problem of Plastic Pollution?
• References
• Index.