Earth Observation Science and Applications for Risk Reduction and Enhanced Resilience in Hindu Kush Himalaya Region : : A Decade of Experience from SERVIR.
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| Place / Publishing House: | Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2021. ©2021. |
| Year of Publication: | 2021 |
| Edition: | 1st ed. |
| Language: | English |
| Online Access: | |
| Physical Description: | 1 online resource (398 pages) |
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Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Foreword
- Message from USAID
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- About SERVIR
- SERVIR Hindu Kush Himalaya
- List of Reviewers
- Contents
- About the Editors
- Acronyms
- 1 Earth Observation Applications in the Hindu Kush Himalaya Region-Evolution and Adoptions
- 1.1 Introduction and Rationale
- 1.2 The Geographic Context
- 1.3 Earth Observation Applications in the HKH
- 1.3.1 First Decade (1990-2000): Introduction of Geospatial Technology in the HKH
- 1.3.2 The Second Decade (2000-2010): Transition to Internet-Based Applications and Decision-Support Systems
- 1.3.3 The Third Decade (2010-2020): Transformation from Applications to Services with SERVIR-HKH
- 1.4 Overview of the Book
- References
- 2 Service Planning Approach and Its Application
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Service Planning Approach
- 2.3 Steps in Service Planning
- 2.3.1 Stage 1: Needs Assessment
- 2.3.2 Stage 2: Service Design
- 2.3.3 Stage 3: Service Delivery
- 2.4 Experiences from Adopting the Service Planning Approach
- 2.5 Conclusion
- References
- 3 Geospatial Applications in the HKH Region: Country Needs and Priorities
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 The Decision-Making Landscape
- 3.3 Materials and Methods
- 3.4 Results and Discussions
- 3.4.1 The Organizational Framework for Geospatial Applications in the HKH Countries
- 3.4.2 Institutional Assessment
- 3.4.2.1 Major Tasks of the Organizations
- 3.4.2.2 Requirement and Use of Data
- 3.4.2.3 Data-Sharing Provisions
- 3.4.3 Institutional Needs and Priorities
- 3.5 Conclusions and Major Findings
- References
- 4 A Regional Drought Monitoring and Outlook System for South Asia
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.1.1 Agriculture Drought Service in the Context of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan
- 4.1.2 Indicators for Operational Drought Monitoring.
- 4.1.3 Assembling Land Data Assimilation System
- 4.1.4 Evaluation of Satellite Precipitation Estimates
- 4.1.5 Season to Sub-season (S2S) Forecasting
- 4.1.6 Information System Development
- 4.1.7 Trainings and Capacity Building
- 4.1.8 Leanings and Future Directions
- References
- 5 In-Season Crop-Area Mapping for Wheat and Rice in Afghanistan and Bangladesh
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.1.1 Cereal Crop Production and Food Insecurity
- 5.1.2 Crop Dynamics in Afghanistan and Bangladesh
- 5.1.3 Wheat Crop in Afghanistan and Recent Efforts in Mapping
- 5.1.4 Rice Crop in Bangladesh and Recent Efforts in Mapping
- 5.1.5 Global RS-Based Crop-Mapping Techniques
- 5.1.6 Challenges and Needs
- 5.2 Setting up Crop Interpretation Applications and Operation
- 5.2.1 Reference Data Preparation
- 5.2.1.1 Field Data Collection
- 5.2.1.2 Data Cleaning and Preparation
- 5.2.2 Delineation of Agriculture Mask
- 5.2.3 Crop-Area Mapping
- 5.2.3.1 Wheat-Area Mapping in Afghanistan
- 5.2.3.2 Boro-Rice Mapping in Bangladesh
- 5.3 Validation and Area Assessment
- 5.4 Service Delivery
- 5.4.1 Operationalization/Application Development
- 5.4.2 Technology Transfer (Capacity Building)
- 5.5 Conclusions and Way Forward
- References
- 6 Regional Land Cover Monitoring System for Hindu Kush Himalaya
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 The Approach of RLCMS
- 6.3 Methods of Land Cover Mapping
- 6.3.1 Defining the RLCMS Classification Schemes and Primitives
- 6.3.2 Collection of Land Cover Training and Validation Data
- 6.3.3 Satellite Image Processing and Land Cover Mapping
- 6.3.4 Creating Image Indices and Covariates
- 6.3.5 Primitives Generation by Machine Learning
- 6.3.6 Annual Tree Canopy Cover and Height
- 6.3.7 Primitives Assemblage for Land Cover Mapping
- 6.3.8 Validation and Accuracy Assessment
- 6.4 Results.
- 6.5 Implementation at the Regional and National Levels
- 6.6 Challenges and Lessons Learnt
- 6.6.1 Class Definition
- 6.6.2 Reference Data Collection
- 6.6.3 Comparison with Legacy Data and Statistics
- 6.6.4 Limitation of the GEE Cloud Platform
- 6.6.5 Partners' Confidence
- 6.6.6 Sustainability and Human Resource
- 6.7 Conclusion and Way Forward
- References
- 7 Climate-Resilient Forest Management in Nepal
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.1.1 Ecosystem Degradation in the Hindu Kush Himalaya Region
- 7.1.2 Forest Policies and Management in Nepal
- 7.1.3 Importance of Gender and Social Inclusion in Community Forest Management
- 7.1.4 Climate Change Adaptation and Forest Ecosystems
- 7.2 Context of Services
- 7.3 Service Implementation
- 7.3.1 Service Design and Development
- 7.3.2 Climate Sensitivity and Degradation Analysis
- 7.3.2.1 Trend Analysis and Calculation of Climate Sensitivity
- 7.3.2.2 Assessment of Forest Degradation
- 7.3.2.3 Assessing Forest-Fire Risk
- 7.3.2.4 Integrating Gender Analysis for Enhancing Forest Management at the Community Level
- 7.3.3 Service Delivery
- 7.3.3.1 Enhancing the Decision-Making Capacity of Forest Managers in Nepal
- 7.4 Way Forward
- References
- 8 Forest Fire Detection and Monitoring
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.1.1 Forest Fire Across the World
- 8.1.2 Need for Forest-Fire Risk Mapping and Fire Monitoring
- 8.1.3 RS and GIS Application in Forest Fire Detection and Monitoring
- 8.1.4 Forest-Fire Impacts During the Last Decade in Nepal
- 8.1.5 Collaborations and Partnerships for Forest-Fire Management in Nepal
- 8.1.6 Objectives of the Forest-Fire Detection and Monitoring System
- 8.2 Methodology
- 8.2.1 Fire-Risk Mapping
- 8.2.2 Fire Monitoring
- 8.2.2.1 MODIS Fire-Detection Process
- 8.2.2.2 Data Processing Workflow
- 8.2.2.3 Web Application for Fire-Alert Dissemination.
- 8.2.2.4 Alert Generation and Distribution
- 8.2.2.5 Email Alerts
- 8.2.2.6 Fire-Incidence Maps and Feedback from Field
- 8.2.3 Temporal Distribution of Forest Fires in Nepal
- 8.2.4 Characteristics of the Location of Fire Occurrence
- 8.2.5 Forest-Fire Risk Zone and Vulnerability
- 8.2.6 Forest-Fire Monitoring System in Nepal
- 8.3 Deployment of Forest-Fire Detection and Monitoring System
- 8.4 Limitations and Challenges
- 8.5 Capacity Enhancement of Partners
- 8.6 Way Forward
- References
- 9 Enhancing Flood Early Warning System in the HKH Region
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Flooding Trend in the HKH
- 9.2.1 Perspective on the Current State of Flood Management-Issues and Challenges
- 9.2.2 State of the Science in Flood Forecasting
- 9.2.3 State of Flood EWSs
- 9.3 Societal Values of EWSs
- 9.3.1 Situational Awareness and Preparedness
- 9.3.2 Loss and Damage Reduction
- 9.3.3 Extending the Lead Time
- 9.4 Flood Early Warning System (FEWS) Services and Tools in SERVIR-HKH
- 9.4.1 Flood Prediction Tools
- 9.4.2 Hydro-Informatic Workflow
- 9.4.3 Implementation of Innovative, Customizable Tools
- 9.5 Current State of Service Implementation and Validation
- 9.5.1 Dissemination and Delivery
- 9.5.2 Capacity Development
- 9.5.3 Validation
- 9.5.4 Transition to Operational Service
- 9.5.4.1 Bangladesh
- 9.5.4.2 Nepal
- 9.5.4.3 Bhutan
- 9.6 Learnings and Future Direction
- 9.6.1 Challenges and Opportunities
- 9.6.2 Way Forward
- 9.7 Conclusion
- References
- 10 Rapid Flood Mapping Using Multi-temporal SAR Images: An Example from Bangladesh
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Satellite Data in Flood Mapping
- 10.3 SAR Data Processing Tools
- 10.4 Use of SAR Flood Mapping for Emergency Response in the HKH Region
- 10.5 Rapid Flood Mapping-Bangladesh, 2019
- 10.6 Dissemination and Outcome
- 10.7 Conclusion and Way Forward.
- References
- 11 Monitoring of Glaciers and Glacial Lakes in Afghanistan
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Glacier and Glacial Lake Monitoring Approach
- 11.3 Implementation
- 11.4 Results
- 11.4.1 Status of Glaciers and Its Changes
- 11.4.2 Status of Glacial Lake and Its Changes
- 11.5 Institutional Collaboration
- 11.5.1 Capacity Development
- 11.5.2 Dissemination
- 11.6 Lessons Learnt
- 11.7 Way Forward
- References
- 12 The High-Impact Weather Assessment Toolkit
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Forecasting High-Impact Weather
- 12.2.1 Challenges of Forecasting Thunderstorms
- 12.2.2 Ensemble-Based, Convection-Allowing NWP
- 12.3 A High-Impact Weather Service for the HKH Region
- 12.3.1 Model Configuration
- 12.3.2 Probabilistic Forecast Products
- 12.4 HIWAT Forecast Demonstrations
- 12.4.1 Hailstorm: 30 March 2018
- 12.4.2 Lightning
- 12.4.3 High-Intensity Rainfall Forecasting
- 12.5 Summary, Challenges, and Way Forward
- References
- 13 Geospatial Information Technology for Information Management and Dissemination
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Adoption of GIT at SERVIR-HKH
- 13.3 Platforms and Technologies
- 13.4 Development Approach
- 13.5 GIT Solutions
- 13.5.1 Data Generation
- 13.5.2 Data Management
- 13.5.3 Data Dissemination
- 13.5.4 Data and Information Portals
- 13.5.5 Application Services
- 13.5.6 Mobile Applications
- 13.6 Experiences from SERVIR-HKH
- References
- 14 Strengthening the Capacity on Geospatial Information Technology and Earth Observation Applications
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Capacity Gap in the Region: A Brief Outlook
- 14.3 Capacity Building Pathways
- 14.3.1 Capacity Assessment
- 14.3.2 Capacity Building Design
- 14.3.3 Implementing Capacity Building Activities
- 14.3.4 Monitoring and Evaluating the Impact of Capacity Building Activities
- 14.4 Mapping the Impact Pathways.
- 14.4.1 Training Modules, Contents and Materials.