Microorganisms in the Deterioration and Preservation of Cultural Heritage.

• Author: Joseph, Edith.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2021.; ©2021.
• Year of Publication: 2021
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (364 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgement -- Contents -- Part I: Occurrence of Microorganisms in Heritage Materials -- Chapter 1: Microbial Growth and its Effects on Inorganic Heritage Materials -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biofilms and Lichens -- 3 Factors Influencing Microbial Colonization -- 4 Biodeterioration Processes Caused by Biofilms and Lichens -- 4.1 Stone -- 4.2 Stained-Glass Windows -- 4.3 Metals -- 5 Bioprotection of Stones by Biofilms and Lichens -- References -- Chapter 2: Microbiota and Biochemical Processes Involved in Biodeterioration of Cultural Heritage and Protection -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Microbial Colonization -- 2.1 Pioneering Colonizers and Colors -- 2.2 Halophilic -- 2.3 Archaea -- 3 Key Biochemical Processes of Biodeterioration -- 3.1 Carbon Sequestration -- 3.2 Nitrogen Transformation -- 3.3 Sulfur Transformation -- 3.4 Other Elements -- 4 Interactions Among Sandstone, Microbiota, and the Local Environment -- 4.1 Material Types -- 4.2 Available Nutrients and Pollutants -- 5 Protection Strategies -- 6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 3: Molecular-Based Techniques for the Study of Microbial Communities in Artworks -- 1 Introduction -- 2 High-Throughput Sequencing Methods: Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) -- 3 Metagenomics in Cultural Heritage -- 4 Transcriptomics and More -Omic and Meta-Omic Techniques for the Analysis of Cultural Heritage -- References -- Chapter 4: Extreme Colonizers and Rapid Profiteers: The Challenging World of Microorganisms That Attack Paper and Parchment -- 1 Paper and Parchment as Food Sources for Microbes -- 1.1 Paper -- 1.2 Parchment -- 2 The Fungal and Bacterial Species That Attack Paper and Parchment -- 3 Arrival, Colonization and Affirmation -- 4 Random Events, Common Denominators, Model Mechanisms -- 4.1 Actors and Mechanisms -- 4.2 A Rare Fungal Species -- 4.3 A Solitary Colonizer.

4.4 A Complex Turnover -- 5 Perspectives -- References -- Part II: Green Methods Again Biodeterioration -- Chapter 5: Novel Antibiofilm Non-Biocidal Strategies -- 1 Biocides -- 2 What Do We Mean by Green Alternatives? -- 3 Lab Biofilm Systems to Test the Efficacy of an Antibiofilm Compound/Mixture -- 4 Methods for Testing the Effectiveness of Antibiofilm Substances -- 4.1 Plate Count Assay -- 4.2 XTT Cell Viability Assay -- 4.3 ATP-Bioluminescence Assay -- 4.4 Spectrofluorometric Assay -- 4.5 Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) -- 4.6 Chlorophyll -- 4.7 Proteins Quantification -- 4.8 Biofilm Staining and Microscopy -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Green Mitigation Strategy for Cultural Heritage Using Bacterial Biocides -- 1 Biodeterioration of Cultural Heritage Materials -- 2 Bacterial Green Biocides for Cultural Heritage -- References -- Chapter 7: New Perspectives Against Biodeterioration Through Public Lighting -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Lighting-Based Strategies Currently Used Against Biodeterioration -- 3 Public Outdoor Lighting Systems Illuminating Heritage Buildings -- 4 In What Form Public Lighting Can Be Turned Into a Green Method? -- 5 Current Perspectives and Future Directions -- References -- Part III: Biocleaning and Bio-Based Conservation Methods -- Chapter 8: Bioremoval of Graffiti in the Context of Current Biocleaning Research -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Why Can Graffiti Paint Be Removed by Biocleaning Treatments? -- 3 Methodological Advances in Bioremoval of Salts, Organic Matter and Graffiti -- 3.1 Selection of Suitable Microorganisms for the Bioremoval of Graffiti -- 3.2 Culture Media and Growth Protocols for the Selected Microorganisms -- 3.3 Microorganism Application Protocols -- 3.4 Protocols for Evaluating Graffiti Cleaning -- 3.5 Long-Term Monitoring to Evaluate Graffiti Cleaning.

4 Remaining Challenges in Graffiti Biocleaning -- 5 Conclusion and Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 9: Ancient Textile Deterioration and Restoration: Bio-Cleaning of an Egyptian Shroud Held in the Torino Museum -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Textile Aging and Deterioration -- 3 Bio-Cleaning-Bio-Restoration of Textiles -- 4 Case Study: Adhesive-Removal by Enzymatic Approach -- 4.1 Description of the Coptic Tunic and Its State of Conservation -- 4.2 Description of the Strategies to Fulfill the Objectives -- 4.3 Step 1: Establishing the Nature of the Glue (Lugol Test and FT-IR) -- 4.4 Step 2: Selecting the Most Suitable Enzyme and Immobilization Strategy -- 4.5 Step 3: Simulated Sample Preparation, Aging, and Damaging -- 4.6 Step 4: Glue Removal Test by Immobilized α-Amylase on a Simulated Sample -- 4.7 Step 5: Glue Removal by Immobilized α-Amylase on the Original Archeological Shroud -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Advanced Biocleaning System for Historical Wall Paintings -- 1 Biotechnologies Applied to CH -- 2 Case Study of the Conversion of St. Efisio and Battle (Conversione di San Efisio e Battaglia), Pisa, Italy -- 3 Case Study of Stories of the Holy Fathers (Storie dei Santi Padri), Pisa, Italy -- 4 Case Study of Casina Farnese on the Palatine Hill, Rome, Italy -- 5 Case Study of Animal Glue on Frescoes on the Santos Juanes Church, Valencia, Spain -- 6 Final Considerations -- References -- Chapter 11: Sustainable Restoration Through Biotechnological Processes: A Proof of Concept -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Bio-Cleaning Procedures Developed in the Case Studies -- 3 Bio-Cleaning Case Studies: Review and Discussion -- 4 Biodeteriogens Removal and Control -- 4.1 ``Green Biocides ́́-- 4.2 BioZ -- 4.3 LIQ -- 4.4 SME 1.11 -- 4.5 NopalCap -- 4.6 Real Cases Application -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References.

Chapter 12: The Role of Microorganisms in the Removal of Nitrates and Sulfates on Artistic Stoneworks -- 1 Stone Sulfation and Nitration Mechanisms -- 2 Removal of Black Crusts, Sulfates, Nitrates, and Deposits -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Protection and Consolidation of Stone Heritage by Bacterial Carbonatogenesis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Conventional Methodologies for Stone Conservation -- 3 New Methodologies for Stone Conservation -- 4 Bacterial Biomineralization of Calcium Carbonates -- 5 International Research Groups Involved in Bacterial Biomineralization -- 6 The University of Granada Stone Consolidation Patent -- 7 Self-Inoculation with Indigenous Carbonatogenic Bacterial Community -- 8 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 14: Siderophores and their Applications in Wood, Textile, and Paper Conservation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biosynthesis, Roles, and Applications of Siderophores -- 2.1 Biosynthesis -- 2.2 Roles -- 2.3 Applications -- 3 The Structure and Chemistry of Siderophores -- 3.1 Chelation of Iron -- 3.2 The Tool: Siderophores -- 3.2.1 Carboxylate Siderophores -- 3.2.2 Catecholate Siderophores -- 3.2.3 Hydroxamate Siderophores -- 3.2.4 Mixed Type Siderophores -- 3.3 The Action: Dissolution of Iron Oxides and Hydroxy-Oxides -- 3.3.1 Acidic Dissolution of Iron Species -- 3.3.2 Dissolution of Iron Species in the Presence of Siderophores -- 3.3.3 Effects of Siderophores on the Reduction of Iron(III) -- 3.3.4 The Kinetics and Mechanisms of Siderophore Action -- 3.3.5 Side Reactions, Synergistic Effects, and Light Sensitivity -- 4 Application of Siderophores in Conservation -- 4.1 The Detrimental Effect of Iron -- 4.2 The Problem of Conventional Chelators ́Use in Conservation -- 4.3 Applications of Siderophores in Conservation of Cultural Heritage Objects.

4.3.1 Extraction of Iron from Historical Manuscripts With Iron Gall Ink -- 4.3.2 Extraction of Iron Compounds from Composite Museum Objects -- 4.3.3 Extraction of Iron Oxides and Iron Sulfides From Waterlogged Wood -- 4.3.4 Other Studies with Siderophores -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15: Organic Green Corrosion Inhibitors Derived from Natural and/or Biological Sources for Conservation of Metals Cultu... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Definition of Green Corrosion Inhibitors -- 2.1 The Different Types or Classes of Corrosion Inhibitors -- 2.2 How Do They Work? -- 3 Conservation Research into the Application of GOCIs -- 3.1 Plant Extracts -- 3.2 Plant Oils -- 3.3 Biological -- 4 Amino Acids: Cysteine as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Copper Alloy Artefacts -- 5 Where Do We Go from Here? -- References.