Reading Prehistoric Human Tracks : : Methods and Material.

• Author: Pastoors, Andreas.
• TeilnehmendeR: Lenssen-Erz, Tilman.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2021.; ©2021.
• Year of Publication: 2021
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (437 pages)

Table of Contents

cover -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Examples of Indigenous Spoor Interpretation -- On this Book -- References -- Part I: Methodological Diversity in the Analysis of Human Tracks -- Chapter 2: Inferences from Footprints: Archaeological Best Practice -- Introduction -- Digital Capture, Documentation and Stratigraphic Context -- Analytical Tools in Ichnology -- Types of Inference from Human Footprints -- Anatomical Inferences -- Biomechanical Inferences -- Palaeobiological Inferences -- Faunal Sampling -- Problems of Co-association -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Repetition Without Repetition: A Comparison of the Laetoli G1, Ileret, Namibian Holocene and Modern Human Footprint... -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results and Interpretations -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Supplementary Material -- Detailed Materials and Methods -- Additional Footprint Discussion -- References -- Chapter 4: Reproduce to Understand: Experimental Approach Based on Footprints in Cussac Cave (Southwestern France) -- Introduction -- The Karst Setting -- Formation -- Preservation Context -- Cussac Cave -- Contextual Setting -- Tracks at Cussac and Taphonomy -- Materiel and Methods -- Experimental Protocol -- Descriptions, Metrics and 3D Models -- Results -- Formation Sediment and Flooding Sediment Load -- Formation Sediment -- Flooding Sediment Load -- General Morphology -- Topography -- Original Experimental Footprints -- Footprint Evolution -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Experimental Re-creation of the Depositional Context in Which Late Pleistocene Tracks Were Found on the Pacific Coa... -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results -- Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Reading Spoor -- Introduction -- The Art of Tracking -- Methodological Aspects of Tracking.

Implications for the Archaeology of Prehistoric Human Tracks -- The Wider Potential of Tracking -- Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Case Studies from Around the Globe -- Chapter 7: Perspectives on Pliocene and Pleistocene Pedal Patterns and Protection -- Introduction -- The Tarsometatarsal Skeletons -- The Hallux -- The Lateral Metatarsophalangeal Articulations -- Lateral Proximal Phalanx Lengths and Shafts -- Proximal Pedal Phalanx Diaphyseal Hypertrophy -- Implications for Pliocene and Pleistocene Footprints -- References -- Chapter 8: Frozen in the Ashes -- Forty Years of Research at Laetoli -- The Discovery of Laetoli Site S -- Survey of Laetoli Site S: A Case Study for Photogrammetry Application in Extreme Environments -- Laetoli Site S Footprints: Results and Implications -- Laetoli Footprints: Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 9: Steps from History -- Introduction -- Background to Happisburgh -- Happisburgh Site 3 -- The Footprint Surface -- Implications of the Happisburgh Footprints -- Impact of the Happisburgh Footprints -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Reconsideration of the Antiquity of the Middle Palaeolithic Footprints from Theopetra Cave (Thessaly, Greece) -- Introduction -- Historical Background -- Materials and Methods -- Chronology - Dating -- Archaeology - Lithic Artefacts -- Description of the Footprints -- Results -- Contour Analysis (3D Laser Scanner) -- Sex and Age -- Stature -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: On the Tracks of Neandertals: The Ichnological Assemblage from Le Rozel (Normandy, France) -- Introduction -- The Neandertal Footprint Record -- The Archaeological Site from Le Rozel -- Material and Methods -- Results -- Preservation and Distribution of the Tracks -- Human Footprints -- Human Handprints -- Animal Tracks -- Discussion -- References.

Chapter 12: Hominin Footprints in Caves from Romanian Carpathians -- Introduction -- Vârtop Cave (Bihor Mountains) -- Room of the Steps and the Vârtop Footprints -- Geochronology -- Ciur Izbuc Cave (Pădurea Craiului Mountains) -- References -- Chapter 13: Episodes of Magdalenian Hunter-Gatherers in the Upper Gallery of Tuc dÁudoubert (Ariège, France) -- Introduction -- Design of the Project -- Participants -- Materials -- The Volp Caves -- The Cave of Tuc dÁudoubert -- Archaeological Context -- Human Tracks -- Methods -- Results -- Galerie des Effondrements -- Galerie des Empreintes -- Western End Section -- Western Centre -- Eastern Centre -- Eastern End Section -- Galerie des Petits Pieds -- Salle des Talons -- Synopsis -- Identity of the Trackmakers -- Identified Events -- Track Details -- Spoor Type, Side and Trackways -- Carrying Additional Weight -- Body Postures and Gait -- Group Configuration -- Axis of Locomotion -- Human Interaction with Cave Bear Bones -- Superimposition of Human Tracks -- General Conditions and Reliability of Identification -- Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14: Following the Father Steps in the Bowels of the Earth: The Ichnological Record from the Bàsura Cave (Upper Palaeol... -- Introduction -- Human Footprints of the Bàsura Cave: Previous Studies -- Geology of the Bàsura Cave -- Ichnology of Bàsura Cave -- Footprints, Handprints, Finger and Human Body Traces -- Finger Flutings -- Clay Pits and Related Finger Traces -- Animal Traces -- Approaches and Methodologies -- High-Resolution Digital Photogrammetry -- 3D Scanning -- Morphometric Analysis -- The Archaeological Approach and New Absolute Dating -- Charcoal Remains and Insights on the Illumination of Caves -- Inferences from Human Tracks and the Reconstruction of a Scenery -- The Human Trackmaker Identikit -- The Exploration of the Cavity.

Bàsura Cave in the Regional Context -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 15: Prehistoric Speleological Exploration in the Cave of Aldène in Cesseras (Hérault, France): Human Footprint Paths a... -- Introduction -- A Major Natural Cave for the Heritage -- Exceptional Deposit Conditions -- A Problem of Complementary Study -- The Contribution of the Traces of Torches -- Human Footprints -- The Study of the Human Footprints of the Paul Ambert Gallery -- A New Research Program -- References -- Chapter 16: The Mesolithic Footprints Retained in One Bed of the Former Saltmarshes at Formby Point, Sefton Coast, North West ... -- Introduction -- The Palaeoenvironment -- Previous Studies at Formby Point -- Footprint Formation and Preservation Process -- Blundell Path C -- The Footprints in the Bed -- Context 3, the Lowest Layer -- Context 2, the Middle Layer -- Context 1, the Top Layer -- Activity on the Mudflats -- Faunal Behaviour in the Intertidal Zone -- Humans in the Intertidal Zone -- Experience in the Intertidal Zone -- Evidence of Coastal Occupation -- Hunter-Gatherer-Foragers at Formby -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 17: Prehistoric Human Tracks in Ojo Guareña Cave System (Burgos, Spain): The Sala and Galerías de las Huellas -- Introduction -- The Site -- Access to a Complicated Sector -- Materials and Methods -- Footprint Documentation -- Footprints and Trackways -- Estimation of Height and Weight -- Chronology -- Results -- Footprints and Trackways -- Chronology -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Experiences with Indigenous Experts -- Chapter 18: Tracking with Batek Hunter-Gatherers of Malaysia -- Introduction -- Ethnographic Background -- Tracking Habitats -- Hunting, Animals, Tracks -- Encountering Forest Tracks -- Simple, Systematic, and Speculative Tracking -- Discussion -- References.

Chapter 19: Identify, Search and Monitor by Tracks: Elements of Analysis of Pastoral Know-How in Saharan-Sahelian Societies -- Introduction -- Inspect, Interpret and Follow Tracks: A Common and Essential Activity in the Sahara and Sahel -- Geographical Knowledge Relating to Sandy Soil -- A Shared but Unevenly Distributed Pastoral Know-How -- Footprint Identification Criteria -- Hodological Strategy and Temporalities of Tracks -- The Clues Associated with the Tracks -- Confirm, Secure or Subvert the Social Order -- Tracks as a Reflection of the Social Hierarchy -- How Can You Steal Without Signing Your Crime in the Sand? -- Monitor by Tracks -- The Effects of Sedentarization: Tracks in a World That Closes, Freezes and Fixes Itself -- Tracks in Hunting Practice -- The Increased Difficulties of ``Trace ́́Tracking in a Sedentary World -- References -- Chapter 20: Trackers ́Consensual Talk: Precise Data for Archaeology -- Introduction: Tracking and Talking -- Trackers ́Knowledge as Precise Data for Archaeology -- Tracking the Tracking in Caves Project -- Lesson 1 -- Lesson 2 -- Effects of Lessons -- Science and Memory -- Conclusion: Talk, Narrative, and Consensus as Data -- References -- Chapter 21: An Echo from a Footprint: A Step Too Far -- A New Footprint -- An Old Footprint -- References -- Chapter 22: Walking Together: Ways of Collaboration in Western-Indigenous Research on Footprints -- Introduction -- Western and Indigenous Knowledge Systems -- Differences and Similarities -- Relationality and Validity -- The Networked Space -- Horizontal Structures of Living and Learning -- Horizontal Structures of Power -- Implementing Ethics in Research -- Indigenous Guidelines -- Ethics Guide for Tracking Projects -- Project Preparation -- Project Implementation -- Evaluation and Completion of the Project -- The Common Language.

Indigenous Interpretation and Interview.