Robotics, AI, and Humanity : : Science, Ethics, and Policy.
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Place / Publishing House: | Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2021. ©2021. |
Year of Publication: | 2021 |
Edition: | 1st ed. |
Language: | English |
Online Access: | |
Physical Description: | 1 online resource (261 pages) |
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Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Acknowledgements
- Contents
- AI, Robotics, and Humanity: Opportunities, Risks,and Implications for Ethics and Policy
- Introduction
- Message from Pope Francis
- Foundational Issues in AI and Robotics
- Overview on Perspectives
- Intelligent Agents
- Consciousness
- AI and Robotics Changing the Future of Society
- Work
- AI/Robotics: Poverty and Welfare
- Food and Agriculture
- Education
- Finance, Insurance, and Other Services
- Robotics/AI and Militarized Conflict
- Implications for Ethics and Policies
- AI/Robotics: Human and Social Relations
- Regulating for Good National and International Governance
- Toward Global AI Frameworks
- Protecting People's and Individual Human Rights and Privacy
- Developing Corporate Standards
- Part I Foundational Issues in AI and Robotics
- Differences Between Natural and Artificial CognitiveSystems
- Introduction
- Strategies for the Encoding of Relations: A Comparison Between Artificial and Natural Systems
- Encoding of Relations in Feed-Forward Architectures
- Encoding of Relations by Assemblies
- A Comparison Between the Two Strategies
- Assembly Coding and the Binding Problem
- Computing in High-Dimensional State Space
- Information Processing in Natural Recurrent Networks
- Concluding Remarks
- Foundations of Artificial Intelligence and Effective Universal Induction
- Introduction
- Learning from Data: The Problem of Induction
- Learning Frameworks
- The Asynchronous Learning Framework
- Solomonoff Induction
- The Synchronous Learning Framework
- Effective Universal Induction
- Caveats
- The Structure of Uncertainty
- Formalizing Uncertainty
- The Algebra of Truth Bearers
- Uncertainty: The Boolean Case
- Axioms for Uncertainty
- A General Agent Architecture: AIXI
- Defining Intelligence
- The Quest for a Standard Reference Machine.
- Reference Machines and Initial Complexity
- Iterated Boolean Circuits
- Outlook: Search in Circuit Space
- Conclusions and Outlook
- Algorithmic Accountability, Transparency, and Fairness
- From Association Learning to Causal Learning
- What Is Consciousness, and Could Machines Have It?
- Multiple Meanings of Consciousness
- Unconscious Processing (C0): Where Most of Our Intelligence Lies
- Probing Unconscious Computations
- Unconscious View-Invariance and Meaning Extraction in the Human Brain
- Unconscious Control and Decision-Making
- Unconscious Learning
- Consciousness in the First Sense (C1): Global Availability of Relevant Information
- The Need for Integration and Coordination
- Consciousness as Access to an Internal Global Workspace
- Relation Between Consciousness and Attention
- Evidence for All-Or-None Selection in a Capacity-Limited System
- Evidence for Integration and Broadcasting
- Stability as a Feature of Consciousness
- C1 Consciousness in Human and Nonhuman Animals
- Consciousness in the Second Sense (C2): Self-Monitoring
- A Probabilistic Sense of Confidence
- Explicit Confidence in Prefrontal Cortex
- Error Detection: Reflecting on One's Own Mistakes
- Meta-Memory
- Reality Monitoring
- Foundations of C2 Consciousness in Infants
- Dissociations Between C1 and C2
- Synergies Between C1 and C2 Consciousness
- Endowing Machines with C1 and C2
- Concluding Remarks
- Could a Robot Be Conscious? Some Lessons from Philosophy
- Why There Could Not Be Any Conscious Robots
- The Meaning of Existence
- The Nature of Consciousness
- Kinds of Possibility
- Intelligent Robots?
- The Human Context
- Neo-Existentialism
- Values and the Humanities
- Concluding Remarks
- Part II AI and Robotics Changing the Future of Society: Work, Farming, Services, and Poverty.
- Robotics and the Global Organisation of Production
- Introduction
- The Changing Location of Production
- The Rapid Growth of GVCs in the 1990s and 2000s
- The End of GVCs in the Future?
- Reshoring Instead of Offshoring?
- Growing Investment in Robotics
- The Impact of Robotics on the Global Location of Production
- Robotics and Offshoring
- Robotics and Reshoring
- Robotics and the Reallocation of Resources within MNEs
- Conclusion and Policy Implications
- Appendix 1: Empirical Strategies and Variable Descriptions
- Robot Stock and Offshoring
- Robot Stock and Backshoring
- Robot Stock and Reallocation
- AI/Robotics and the Poor
- Introduction
- A Framework of AI/Robotics Impacts on the Poor and Marginalized
- A Framework
- Opportunities of Data and Information Systems about Poverty
- Education and Knowledge Links with AI/Robotics
- Health Services for the Poor Facilitated by AI/Robotics
- AI-Assisted Financial Services
- AI and Social Transfers
- AI/Robotics Effects for the Poor in Employment, Small Business, and Smallholder Farming
- AI/Robotics Links to Voice and Empowerment
- Policy Conclusions
- Robotics and AI in Food Security and Innovation: Why They Matterand How to Harness Their Power
- Challenge: The Great Balancing Act
- What Is Happening: Robotic Farming
- Mechanisms to Promote Development
- Create Complements to Minimize the Risks
- Why It Matters: Robotics in Agriculture
- Robots Will Address Labor Shortage
- Capital and Technologies Are Opportunities for Smallholders
- Quantifying Robots' Impact on Poverty
- Challenges
- Robotics in the Classroom: Hopes or Threats?
- Introduction
- Emerging Needs, Hopes, and Threats
- A Simple Case: Robots as Pedagogical Tools
- Robot Teachers: A Diversity of Possible Roles?
- Robots as a Full Substitute to Teachers
- Robots as Companions for Learning.
- Telepresence and Teaching
- Robots in Special Education
- Ethics and Teacher Substitutes
- A Way for the Future: Computer-Aided Instruction
- Conclusion
- Humans Judged by Machines: The Rise of Artificial Intelligencein Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate
- Introduction
- Incrementalist Fintech: The Problems of Predatory, Creepy, and Subordinating Inclusion
- Fallacies of Futurist Fintech
- Part III Robotics, AI, and Militarized Conflict
- Designing Robots for the Battlefield: State of the Art
- Introduction
- AI-Robots Currently Used on the Battlefield
- Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
- Unmanned Ground, Surface, and Underwater Vehicles
- Integrated Air Defense Systems and Smart Weapons
- Understanding AI and how It Enables Machine Autonomy
- Elements of the PDATT Framework
- Perceive
- Decide
- Act
- Team
- Trust
- The Risks of AI-Robots on the Battlefield
- Current Limitations of AI-Robots on the Battlefield and Associated Risks
- Perception
- Decision-Making, Reasoning, and Understanding Context
- Action Selection, Self-Correction, and Ethical Self-Assessment
- Teaming and Trust: Transparency in Human Interactions
- Trust: Vulnerabilities to Cyber and Adversarial Attacks
- The Future of AI-Robots on the Battlefield
- What AI-Robots May Be Able to Do in the Near Future
- Improving What We Already Have and Expanding Missions
- Dull, Dirty, and Dangerous Jobs
- Augmentation of Human Decision-Making
- Replacing Human Decision-Making
- Electronic Warfare
- JHU/APL Research Toward AI-Robots for Trusted, Real-World Operations
- Areas of AI-Robotics Research at JHU/APL
- Safe Testing of Autonomy in Complex Interactive Environments
- Self-Regulating AI
- Explainable AI and Human-Machine Interactions
- Ethical AI
- Conclusions: The Future of AI for Battlefield Robotics
- Competing Visions of the Future of AI-Robots.
- Human Subservience to AI-Robots
- Human Dominance over AI-Robots
- Co-Evolution with AI-Robots
- Applying AI on the Battlefield: The Ethical Debates
- Introduction
- Background Considerations
- Principled Arguments for and against Battlefield Use of LAWS
- Technical and Pragmatic Considerations
- Virtue Ethics and Human-AI Interaction
- AI Nuclear Winter or AI That Saves Humanity?AI and Nuclear Deterrence
- Introduction
- AI in Supporting Nuclear Decision-Making
- Essence of Nuclear Deterrence and the Role of AI
- Growing Questions over Rationality Assumption
- Fog of AI War
- AI as Black Box
- AI and Changing Characters of Nuclear Deterrence
- Impact on ISR
- Challenges for Stably Controlling Nuclear Risks: Arms Control and Entanglement
- Agenda for Nuclear Ethics in the AI Era
- Ability to Set a Goal
- Taking the Responsibility and Accountability Seriously
- Conclusion
- Part IV AI/Robot-Human Interactions: Regulatory and Ethical Implications
- The AI and Robot Entity
- Friendship Between Human Beings and AI Robots?
- Introduction
- Overcoming the Obstacles?
- Normativity as a Barrier
- Emotionality as a Barrier
- The Ultimate Barrier: Consciousness
- The Emergence of Friendship and Its Emergents
- At the Micro-, Meso- and Macro-Levels
- Conclusion
- Robots and Rights: Reviewing Recent Positions in Legal Philosophyand Ethics
- Introduction
- Definitions and Brief Exposition of the Topic
- The Classical Ontological Stance and the Recent "Relational Turn" in Animal, Robot and Machine Ethics: Mark Coeckelbergh's Analysis
- The Juridical Perspective: The "Accountability Gap" Implying a "Responsibility Gap"
- Recent Juridical Tendencies Towards Advocating Legal Personality for Robots
- David J. Gunkel's "Robot Rights" (2018)
- The EPSRC Paper on "Principles of Robotics".
- Robots in the Japanese koseki System: Colin P.A. Jones's Family Law Approach to Robotic Identity and Soft-Law Based Robot Regulation.