Robotics, AI, and Humanity : : Science, Ethics, and Policy.

• Author: von Braun, Joachim.
• TeilnehmendeR: S. Archer, Margaret.; Reichberg, Gregory M.; Sánchez Sorondo, Marcelo.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2021.; ©2021.
• Year of Publication: 2021
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (261 pages)

Table of Contents

• Intro
• Acknowledgements
• Contents
• AI, Robotics, and Humanity: Opportunities, Risks,and Implications for Ethics and Policy
• Introduction
• Message from Pope Francis
• Foundational Issues in AI and Robotics
• Overview on Perspectives
• Intelligent Agents
• Consciousness
• AI and Robotics Changing the Future of Society
• Work
• AI/Robotics: Poverty and Welfare
• Food and Agriculture
• Education
• Finance, Insurance, and Other Services
• Robotics/AI and Militarized Conflict
• Implications for Ethics and Policies
• AI/Robotics: Human and Social Relations
• Regulating for Good National and International Governance
• Toward Global AI Frameworks
• Protecting People's and Individual Human Rights and Privacy
• Developing Corporate Standards
• Part I Foundational Issues in AI and Robotics
• Differences Between Natural and Artificial CognitiveSystems
• Introduction
• Strategies for the Encoding of Relations: A Comparison Between Artificial and Natural Systems
• Encoding of Relations in Feed-Forward Architectures
• Encoding of Relations by Assemblies
• A Comparison Between the Two Strategies
• Assembly Coding and the Binding Problem
• Computing in High-Dimensional State Space
• Information Processing in Natural Recurrent Networks
• Concluding Remarks
• Foundations of Artificial Intelligence and Effective Universal Induction
• Introduction
• Learning from Data: The Problem of Induction
• Learning Frameworks
• The Asynchronous Learning Framework
• Solomonoff Induction
• The Synchronous Learning Framework
• Effective Universal Induction
• Caveats
• The Structure of Uncertainty
• Formalizing Uncertainty
• The Algebra of Truth Bearers
• Uncertainty: The Boolean Case
• Axioms for Uncertainty
• A General Agent Architecture: AIXI
• Defining Intelligence
• The Quest for a Standard Reference Machine.
• Reference Machines and Initial Complexity
• Iterated Boolean Circuits
• Outlook: Search in Circuit Space
• Conclusions and Outlook
• Algorithmic Accountability, Transparency, and Fairness
• From Association Learning to Causal Learning
• What Is Consciousness, and Could Machines Have It?
• Multiple Meanings of Consciousness
• Unconscious Processing (C0): Where Most of Our Intelligence Lies
• Probing Unconscious Computations
• Unconscious View-Invariance and Meaning Extraction in the Human Brain
• Unconscious Control and Decision-Making
• Unconscious Learning
• Consciousness in the First Sense (C1): Global Availability of Relevant Information
• The Need for Integration and Coordination
• Consciousness as Access to an Internal Global Workspace
• Relation Between Consciousness and Attention
• Evidence for All-Or-None Selection in a Capacity-Limited System
• Evidence for Integration and Broadcasting
• Stability as a Feature of Consciousness
• C1 Consciousness in Human and Nonhuman Animals
• Consciousness in the Second Sense (C2): Self-Monitoring
• A Probabilistic Sense of Confidence
• Explicit Confidence in Prefrontal Cortex
• Error Detection: Reflecting on One's Own Mistakes
• Meta-Memory
• Reality Monitoring
• Foundations of C2 Consciousness in Infants
• Dissociations Between C1 and C2
• Synergies Between C1 and C2 Consciousness
• Endowing Machines with C1 and C2
• Concluding Remarks
• Could a Robot Be Conscious? Some Lessons from Philosophy
• Why There Could Not Be Any Conscious Robots
• The Meaning of Existence
• The Nature of Consciousness
• Kinds of Possibility
• Intelligent Robots?
• The Human Context
• Neo-Existentialism
• Values and the Humanities
• Concluding Remarks
• Part II AI and Robotics Changing the Future of Society: Work, Farming, Services, and Poverty.
• Robotics and the Global Organisation of Production
• Introduction
• The Changing Location of Production
• The Rapid Growth of GVCs in the 1990s and 2000s
• The End of GVCs in the Future?
• Reshoring Instead of Offshoring?
• Growing Investment in Robotics
• The Impact of Robotics on the Global Location of Production
• Robotics and Offshoring
• Robotics and Reshoring
• Robotics and the Reallocation of Resources within MNEs
• Conclusion and Policy Implications
• Appendix 1: Empirical Strategies and Variable Descriptions
• Robot Stock and Offshoring
• Robot Stock and Backshoring
• Robot Stock and Reallocation
• AI/Robotics and the Poor
• Introduction
• A Framework of AI/Robotics Impacts on the Poor and Marginalized
• A Framework
• Opportunities of Data and Information Systems about Poverty
• Education and Knowledge Links with AI/Robotics
• Health Services for the Poor Facilitated by AI/Robotics
• AI-Assisted Financial Services
• AI and Social Transfers
• AI/Robotics Effects for the Poor in Employment, Small Business, and Smallholder Farming
• AI/Robotics Links to Voice and Empowerment
• Policy Conclusions
• Robotics and AI in Food Security and Innovation: Why They Matterand How to Harness Their Power
• Challenge: The Great Balancing Act
• What Is Happening: Robotic Farming
• Mechanisms to Promote Development
• Create Complements to Minimize the Risks
• Why It Matters: Robotics in Agriculture
• Robots Will Address Labor Shortage
• Capital and Technologies Are Opportunities for Smallholders
• Quantifying Robots' Impact on Poverty
• Challenges
• Robotics in the Classroom: Hopes or Threats?
• Introduction
• Emerging Needs, Hopes, and Threats
• A Simple Case: Robots as Pedagogical Tools
• Robot Teachers: A Diversity of Possible Roles?
• Robots as a Full Substitute to Teachers
• Robots as Companions for Learning.
• Telepresence and Teaching
• Robots in Special Education
• Ethics and Teacher Substitutes
• A Way for the Future: Computer-Aided Instruction
• Conclusion
• Humans Judged by Machines: The Rise of Artificial Intelligencein Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate
• Introduction
• Incrementalist Fintech: The Problems of Predatory, Creepy, and Subordinating Inclusion
• Fallacies of Futurist Fintech
• Part III Robotics, AI, and Militarized Conflict
• Designing Robots for the Battlefield: State of the Art
• Introduction
• AI-Robots Currently Used on the Battlefield
• Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
• Unmanned Ground, Surface, and Underwater Vehicles
• Integrated Air Defense Systems and Smart Weapons
• Understanding AI and how It Enables Machine Autonomy
• Elements of the PDATT Framework
• Perceive
• Decide
• Act
• Team
• Trust
• The Risks of AI-Robots on the Battlefield
• Current Limitations of AI-Robots on the Battlefield and Associated Risks
• Perception
• Decision-Making, Reasoning, and Understanding Context
• Action Selection, Self-Correction, and Ethical Self-Assessment
• Teaming and Trust: Transparency in Human Interactions
• Trust: Vulnerabilities to Cyber and Adversarial Attacks
• The Future of AI-Robots on the Battlefield
• What AI-Robots May Be Able to Do in the Near Future
• Improving What We Already Have and Expanding Missions
• Dull, Dirty, and Dangerous Jobs
• Augmentation of Human Decision-Making
• Replacing Human Decision-Making
• Electronic Warfare
• JHU/APL Research Toward AI-Robots for Trusted, Real-World Operations
• Areas of AI-Robotics Research at JHU/APL
• Safe Testing of Autonomy in Complex Interactive Environments
• Self-Regulating AI
• Explainable AI and Human-Machine Interactions
• Ethical AI
• Conclusions: The Future of AI for Battlefield Robotics
• Competing Visions of the Future of AI-Robots.
• Human Subservience to AI-Robots
• Human Dominance over AI-Robots
• Co-Evolution with AI-Robots
• Applying AI on the Battlefield: The Ethical Debates
• Introduction
• Background Considerations
• Principled Arguments for and against Battlefield Use of LAWS
• Technical and Pragmatic Considerations
• Virtue Ethics and Human-AI Interaction
• AI Nuclear Winter or AI That Saves Humanity?AI and Nuclear Deterrence
• Introduction
• AI in Supporting Nuclear Decision-Making
• Essence of Nuclear Deterrence and the Role of AI
• Growing Questions over Rationality Assumption
• Fog of AI War
• AI as Black Box
• AI and Changing Characters of Nuclear Deterrence
• Impact on ISR
• Challenges for Stably Controlling Nuclear Risks: Arms Control and Entanglement
• Agenda for Nuclear Ethics in the AI Era
• Ability to Set a Goal
• Taking the Responsibility and Accountability Seriously
• Conclusion
• Part IV AI/Robot-Human Interactions: Regulatory and Ethical Implications
• The AI and Robot Entity
• Friendship Between Human Beings and AI Robots?
• Introduction
• Overcoming the Obstacles?
• Normativity as a Barrier
• Emotionality as a Barrier
• The Ultimate Barrier: Consciousness
• The Emergence of Friendship and Its Emergents
• At the Micro-, Meso- and Macro-Levels
• Conclusion
• Robots and Rights: Reviewing Recent Positions in Legal Philosophyand Ethics
• Introduction
• Definitions and Brief Exposition of the Topic
• The Classical Ontological Stance and the Recent "Relational Turn" in Animal, Robot and Machine Ethics: Mark Coeckelbergh's Analysis
• The Juridical Perspective: The "Accountability Gap" Implying a "Responsibility Gap"
• Recent Juridical Tendencies Towards Advocating Legal Personality for Robots
• David J. Gunkel's "Robot Rights" (2018)
• The EPSRC Paper on "Principles of Robotics".
• Robots in the Japanese koseki System: Colin P.A. Jones's Family Law Approach to Robotic Identity and Soft-Law Based Robot Regulation.