Safety for Particle Accelerators.

• Superior document: Particle Acceleration and Detection Series
• Author: Otto, Thomas.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2020.; ©2021.
• Year of Publication: 2020
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Particle Acceleration and Detection Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (157 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Occupational Safety -- 1.1 Hazard -- 1.2 Risk -- 1.3 Control -- References -- Chapter 2: Risks and Hazards of Particle Accelerator Technologies -- 2.1 Accelerators for Pedestrians -- 2.1.1 Why Particle Accelerators? -- 2.1.2 The Particle Accelerator Family -- 2.1.2.1 Linear Accelerator -- 2.1.2.2 Cyclotron -- 2.1.2.3 Synchrotron -- 2.1.2.4 Storage Ring -- 2.1.2.5 Free-Electron Laser -- 2.1.2.6 Collider -- 2.1.3 Particle Acceleration from Source to Target -- 2.2 Magnets -- 2.2.1 Normal Conducting Magnets -- 2.2.2 Superconducting Magnets -- 2.2.3 Safety Aspects of Magnets -- 2.2.3.1 Magnetic Field Hazard -- 2.2.3.2 Health Effects of Magnetic Fields -- 2.2.3.3 Magnetic Forces -- 2.2.3.4 Electrical Hazards of Magnets -- 2.3 Cryogenics -- 2.3.1 Production of Low Temperatures -- 2.3.2 Cryogenic Fluids -- 2.3.2.1 Overpressure -- 2.3.2.2 Cold Burns -- 2.3.3 Oxygen Deficiency Hazard from Cryogenic Fluids -- 2.3.3.1 Oxygen Deficiency from Nitrogen Gas -- 2.3.3.2 Oxygen Deficiency from Helium Gas -- 2.3.3.3 Mitigation of Oxygen Deficiency Hazard -- 2.4 Radiofrequency Technologies -- 2.4.1 Principle of RF Acceleration -- 2.4.2 Components of a RF Acceleration System -- 2.4.2.1 RF Amplifier -- 2.4.2.2 Waveguides -- 2.4.2.3 RF Cavity -- 2.4.3 Hazards from RF Systems -- 2.4.3.1 Bremsstrahlung X-Rays -- 2.4.3.2 Electromagnetic Leakage Radiation -- 2.4.4 Health Effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) -- 2.4.4.1 Biophysical Effects of EMF -- 2.4.4.2 Dosimetric Quantities for Non-ionising Radiation -- 2.4.5 Protection against NIR -- 2.4.5.1 Effect Levels and Basic Restrictions to Temperature Rise -- 2.4.5.2 Reference Quantities for Non-ionising Radiation -- 2.5 Lasers at Accelerators -- 2.5.1 Application of Lasers at Accelerators -- 2.5.2 Hazardous Effects of Lasers.

2.5.3 Protection Against Laser Exposure -- 2.5.3.1 Maximum Permissible Exposure Limits -- 2.5.3.2 Laser Classification -- 2.5.3.3 Practical Laser Safety -- 2.6 Beam-Intercepting Devices -- 2.6.1 Collimators -- 2.6.2 Targets -- 2.6.2.1 Production Targets -- 2.6.2.2 Experimental Targets -- 2.6.2.3 Stripping Foils -- 2.6.3 Beam Dumps -- References -- Accelerators -- Magnets -- Cryogenics -- RF Technologies -- Lasers -- Beam-Intercepting Devices -- Chapter 3: Beam Hazards and Ionising Radiation -- 3.1 Beam Loss in Particle Accelerators -- 3.2 Beam-Matter Interaction -- 3.2.1 Electrons and Positrons -- 3.2.2 Protons and Charged Heavy Particles -- 3.2.3 Neutrons -- 3.2.4 Radiation Damage -- 3.2.5 Activation of Matter -- 3.3 Ionising Radiation -- 3.3.1 Types of Ionising Radiation -- 3.3.1.1 Directly Ionising Radiation -- 3.3.1.2 Indirectly Ionising Radiation -- 3.3.2 Sources of Ionising Radiation at Accelerators -- 3.3.2.1 Prompt Radiation -- 3.3.2.2 Radiation from Activated Material -- 3.4 Radiation Dosimetry at Accelerators -- 3.4.1 Dose and Dose Equivalent -- 3.4.2 Practical Radiation Dosimetry at Accelerators -- 3.4.2.1 Photon (Gamma) Dosimeters -- Gas-Filled Photon Detectors -- Thermoluminescence and Optically Stimulated Luminescence -- Semiconductor Detectors -- 3.4.2.2 Neutron Dosimeters -- Thermal Neutron Detectors and Rem-Counters -- Bonner Sphere Spectrometer -- Proton Recoil-Based Neutron Detectors -- 3.5 Radiation Protection at Accelerators -- 3.5.1 Shielding Against Prompt Radiation -- 3.5.2 Protection Against Ionising Radiation from Activation -- 3.5.3 Control of Radioactive Material -- References -- Beam Loss in Accelerators -- Beam-Matter Interactions -- Ionising Radiation -- Radiation Dosimetry at Accelerators -- Radiation Protection at Accelerators -- Chapter 4: Industrial Safety at Particle Accelerators -- 4.1 Electrical Safety.

4.1.1 Electrical Hazards -- 4.1.1.1 Electric Shock and Burns -- 4.1.1.2 Fire -- 4.1.1.3 Electrical Arc -- 4.1.2 Electrical Safety -- 4.1.2.1 Electrical Conformity -- 4.1.2.2 Practical Electrical Safety -- 4.2 Mechanical Safety -- 4.2.1 Machines at Particle Accelerators -- 4.2.2 Machine Safety -- 4.2.2.1 The European Machinery Directive -- 4.2.2.2 Conformity with the EU Directive -- 4.2.3 Transport at Particle Accelerators -- 4.2.4 Safety of Transport and Handling -- 4.2.4.1 Manual Handling -- 4.3 Pressure Vessels -- 4.3.1 Pressure Vessels at Accelerators -- 4.3.2 Pressure Vessel Safety -- 4.3.3 The European Directive on Pressure Vessels -- 4.4 Fire Safety -- 4.4.1 The Fire Triangle -- 4.4.2 Fire Hazards at Accelerators -- 4.4.3 Tunnel Fires -- 4.4.3.1 Fire Dynamics in Tunnels -- 4.4.3.2 Smoke Control by Ventilation -- 4.4.4 Fire Prevention -- 4.4.4.1 Fire Risk Assessment -- 4.4.4.2 Fire Risk Mitigation -- 4.4.4.3 Fire Detection and Evacuation -- 4.5 Occupational Noise -- 4.5.1 Noise Measurement -- 4.5.2 Protection Measures Against Noise -- 4.6 Environmental Impact -- 4.6.1 Releases to the Environment -- 4.6.1.1 Liquid Effluents -- 4.6.1.2 Air-Borne Effluents -- 4.6.1.3 Environmental Noise -- 4.6.1.4 Environmental Monitoring -- 4.6.2 Reducing the Energetic Footprint -- 4.6.2.1 Energy Supply from Sustainable Sources -- 4.6.2.2 Energy Recovery -- 4.6.2.3 Accelerator Technology -- References -- Electrical Safety -- Mechanical Safety -- Pressure Vessels -- Fire Safety -- Noise -- Environmental Impact -- Chapter 5: Safety Organisation at Particle Accelerators -- 5.1 The Occupational Safety Process -- 5.1.1 Definition of Scope -- 5.1.2 Hazard Register -- 5.1.3 Application of Standard Best Practice -- 5.1.4 Risk Assessment -- 5.1.4.1 Semi-quantitative Risk Assessment -- 5.1.4.2 Quantitative Risk Assessment -- 5.1.5 Definition and Implementation of Controls.

5.1.6 Documentation -- 5.1.7 Review -- 5.2 Safety Organisation and Management -- 5.2.1 Employer- and Hierarchical Safety Responsibility -- 5.2.1.1 Safety Policy -- 5.2.1.2 Safety Support Unit -- 5.2.2 Administrative Safety Controls -- 5.2.2.1 Internal Safety Regulations -- 5.2.2.2 Safety Awareness and Training -- 5.2.2.3 Safe System of Work -- 5.3 Beam Safety -- 5.3.1 Accelerator Safety System -- 5.3.2 Access Control System -- 5.4 Functional Safety and Safety Integrity Levels -- References -- Safety Process -- Safety Organisation -- Beam Safety -- Functional Safety and Safety Integrity Levels -- Annexes -- Annex A: Hazard List for Accelerator Facilities -- Annex B: European Directives -- Index.