One Hundred Years of Social Protection : : The Changing Social Question in Brazil, India, China, and South Africa.

• Superior document: Global Dynamics of Social Policy Series
• Author: Leisering, Lutz.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2020.; ©2021.
• Year of Publication: 2020
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Global Dynamics of Social Policy Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (452 pages)

Table of Contents

Global Dynamics of Social Policy -- Preface and Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Notes on Contributors -- Part I: Introduction -- 1: Social Protection in the Global South: An Ideational and Historical Approach -- Towards a New Approach to Analysing Social Policy in the Global South -- Ideas: A Constructivist Sociology of Knowledge Approach -- Strategies for Theorising Southern Welfare -- Explanatory Theories of Social Policy -- Conceptualising Social Policy Ideas: A Multi-layered Model -- A First Glimpse of the Four Countries: Basic Social, Political, and Economic Data -- The Chapters -- References -- Part II: China -- 2: The Early Rise of Social Security in China: Ideas and Reforms, 1911-1949 -- Introduction: The Early Rise of Social Ideas and Policies -- Social Security in Imperial China: From Benevolence to Disciplined Labour -- The Rise of the Social Question: Non-Marxist Versus Marxist Concepts, 1900-1920s -- The GMD State's Social Policy: State-building, Productivism, and Collectivism, 1927-1937 -- Wartime Social Policy: Universal Social Security and China's "Special Situation" (1937-1945) -- Post-war Development: Establishing Social Security Institutions, 1945-1978 -- Conclusion: Ideas and Reforms -- References -- 3: Social Security: The Career of a Contested Social Idea in China During the Reform Era, 1978-2020 -- Introduction: The Rise of the Idea of "Social Security" in China -- Socialist Welfare Ideas, 1949-1978: Urban Labour Insurance Versus Rural Residual Welfare -- Urban Welfare -- Rural Welfare -- The Ideational Turn in the Course of Economic Reforms, 1978-2000: "Socialisation" of Welfare -- SOE Reform and Its Effects -- Policy Reforms: Pensions and Healthcare -- The Emergence of the Idea of "Social Security" in the New Millennium: From GDPism to Inclusive Growth.

Social Security as "Social Governance", 2012-Present: From Regulatory Managerialism to Statist Control -- Conclusion: Social Security in the Shadow of Hierarchy -- References -- Internet Sources -- Part III: India -- 4: Social Policy in India: One Hundred Years of the (Stifled) Social Question -- Introduction -- Religious Reforms as Social Reforms -- "Asiatic" Stifling -- Political Freedom over Social Justice -- Three Ideas of the "Social" at the Founding Moment of India -- Did the Reservation System Achieve Its Goal? -- Democracy's Coexistence with Religion -- Economic Development over the Social Question -- Authoritarian Democracy Stifles the "Social" Question -- Ideational Stifling from International Regimes -- Conclusion -- References -- 5: Minoritarian Labour Welfare in India: The Case of the Employees' State Insurance Act of 1948 -- Welfare in India: Institutional Pillars and Social Contexts -- Early Industrial Welfare and the Debate on Welfare Legislation in Interwar India -- The Employees' State Insurance Act: The Making of a Law -- Repercussions: Graded Informality, a "Birthright" Lost and a Horizon of Expectation -- References -- Part IV: South Africa -- 6: The Social Question in Pre-apartheid South Africa: Race, Religion and the State -- Introduction -- Securing the Racial Hierarchy, 1924-1933: State, Church and the "Poor White Problem" -- The Institutionalisation of "Social Policy" Under the Fusion Governments, 1933-1939 -- The Experience of War, 1939-1945: External Influences, Local Conditions and "Social Security" -- Conclusion -- References -- Glossary -- 7: A Racialised Social Question: Pension Reform in Apartheid South Africa -- Introduction -- Changes in Ideas, 1948-1990: An Outline of the Analysis -- 1948-1960: "Separate Development" and the Problem of "Civilised Labour" -- Frame: "Apartheid"-The Idea of Separate Development.

Racially Graded Social Responsibility -- The Racialised Social Question Legitimised by the Civilisation Argument -- Policy Paradigm: Afrikaner Upliftment as the Social Problem -- Racially Graded Pension Schemes -- Shifting the Dominant Frame: From Apartheid to "Independent Nations" -- 1961-1979: "Independent Nations" and the Government's Attempt to Abandon Social Responsibility for Non-white Groups -- Frame: Homelands ("Independent Nations") -- Outsourcing Social Responsibility to "Independent Nation-States" -- Racialised Social Question -- Policy Paradigm: The "Superfluous Appendages" -- Pension Policies -- Shifting the Dominant Frame: From Independent Nations to an Ideational Void -- 1980-1990: "A Country of Minorities" and Equalisation to an Extent -- Frame: Power-Sharing and Unclear Directions -- Social Responsibility: Each to Their Own or White Obligation? -- Eclipsed Social Question: Equality How? -- Policy Paradigms and Pension Policies: Cost Containment -- Conclusion -- Appendix -- Data Collection and Sources -- Quantitative Analysis: Frequencies and Word Selection -- Qualitative Analysis: Constructive Reading -- References -- 8: (Re)formulating the Social Question in Post-apartheid South Africa: Zola Skweyiya, Dignity, Development and the Welfare State -- Introduction -- "Poverty Knowledge" and the Developmental Imperative (1994-1999) -- Zola Skweyiya's Partial Reframing of Poverty (1999-2009) -- The Conservative Backlash: The Social Question After Skweyiya (from 2009) -- References -- Part V: Brazil -- 9: The Anatomy of the Social Question and the Evolution of the Brazilian Social Security System, 1919-2020 -- Brazil: A Crude Path to Modernity -- 1889-1929: The Social Question as the Needs of the People-Under the First Republic-Repression, Concealment, and Reshaping -- 1930-1945: The Social Question as a Workers' Question.

1945-1963: The Social Question as the Regional Question Under Democratic Rule -- 1964-1988: Dictatorship, the Authoritarian Modernization of Social Insurance, and the Struggle for Democracy -- 1988-2015: A New Wave of Democracy-Social Security for All -- National Social Insurance Scheme -- Social Assistance -- The Unified Healthcare System -- Conclusion: The Social Compact at Risk -- References -- 10: Ideational Bases of Land Reform in Brazil: 1910 to the Present -- Emergence of Pro-land Reform Ideas: the 1910s -- Societal Recognition of the Agrarian Question: 1920s to the Mid-1950s -- Mobilisation Without Reform: Late 1950s to Mid-1980s -- Democracy, Protest and Limited Reform: Mid-1980s to the Present -- Conclusions -- References -- Part VI: Conclusion -- 11: One Hundred Years of Social Protection: The Rise of the Social Question in Brazil, India, China, and South Africa, 1920-2020 -- Historical Evolution: 1920 to 2020 Was the Century of Social Protections for These Four Countries -- Constructing the Social: All Four Countries, India the Least, Have Articulated Social Issues as a Social Question -- State Responsibility, Policy Paradigms, and Welfare Models -- Tracing the Social Question -- Political Language: The Spread of "Social" Semantics -- The Career of "Social Security" -- Multireferentiality: Social Protection Is Largely Driven and Shaped by "Non-social" Ideas and Interests -- Transnational Diffusion: External Ideas Have Pervaded Domestic Debates on Social Protection from the Beginning (the 1920s) -- The Social Question in Flux: Diversification and Traps -- "Exclusion/Inclusion": The New Social Question? -- The Residualism Trap -- The Inequality Trap -- Renewing the Social Question -- References -- Index.