Diversity and Evolution of Butterfly Wing Patterns : : An Integrative Approach.

• Author: Sekimura, Toshio.
• TeilnehmendeR: Nijhout, H. Frederik.
• Place / Publishing House: Singapore : : Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,, 2017.; ©2017.
• Year of Publication: 2017
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (322 pages)

Table of Contents

• Intro
• Foreword
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Contents
• Contributors
• Part I: The Nympalid Groundplan (NGP) and Diversification
• Chapter 1: The Common Developmental Origin of Eyespots and Parafocal Elements and a New Model Mechanism for Color Pattern Form...
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Eyespots and Parafocal Elements
• 1.3 Puzzling Results of Temperature Shock Experiments
• 1.4 Models of Color Pattern Formation
• 1.5 The Grass-Fire Model
• 1.6 Basic Patterns
• 1.7 Venous and Intervenous Patterns
• 1.8 Simulation of Notch and Distal-Less Progression
• 1.9 Shape of the Parafocal Elements
• 1.10 Fusion and Separation of Ocelli and Parafocal Elements
• 1.11 Modes of Pattern Evolution
• References
• Chapter 2: Exploring Color Pattern Diversification in Early Lineages of Satyrinae (Nymphalidae)
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Central Symmetry System Dislocations in Forewing and Hind Wing
• 2.3 Variation in Ventral Hind Wing Ocelli
• 2.4 The Color Band Between Elements f and g
• 2.5 Sexual Dimorphism and Mimicry
• 2.6 Transparency
• 2.7 Concluding Remarks
• Appendix: List of Examined Taxa
• References
• Chapter 3: Camouflage Variations on a Theme of the Nymphalid Ground Plan
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Morphological Foundations of the Nymphalid Ground Plan
• 3.3 Evolutionary Path: Gradual Evolutionary Steps Toward Leaf Vein-Like Patterns
• 3.4 Tinkering: The Flexible Building Logic of Leaf Vein-Like Patterns
• 3.5 Modularity: Developmental Modules of the NGP and a Simple Cryptic Pattern
• 3.6 Evolutionary Origin of De Novo Modules: Rewiring of the NGP Developmental Modules to Generate Functional Modules
• 3.7 Next Research Programs
• 3.7.1 Macroevolutionary Pathways Toward Camouflage Patterns
• 3.7.2 Macro-evolvability of the NGP
• 3.7.3 Body plan Character Map: Genetic and Developmental Architectures of the NGP.
• References
• Chapter 4: Morphological Evolution Repeatedly Caused by Mutations in Signaling Ligand Genes
• 4.1 Gephebase: The Database of Genotype-Phenotype Variations
• 4.2 Method: Construction of Gephebase and Identification of Signaling Genes
• Box 4.1: Definitions
• 4.3 A Few Select Genes for Body-Wide Switches in Melanin Production in Tetrapods
• 4.4 cis-Regulatory Evolution Drives Regional Specific Color Shifts
• 4.5 Recent Stickleback Fish Adaptations Repeatedly Recruited Ligand Alleles
• 4.6 The Wnt Beneath My Wings
• 4.7 Ligand Gene Modularity Allows Interspecific Differences
• 4.8 How, When, and Why Ligand Genes Are Likely Drivers of Pattern Variation, or Not
• 4.9 Synthesis: Variations of Morphological Relevance in Ligand-Coding Genes Are cis-Regulatory, Complex, and Multiallelic
• 4.10 Conclusion
• References
• Part II: Eyespots and Evolution
• Chapter 5: Physiology and Evolution of Wing Pattern Plasticity in Bicyclus Butterflies: A Critical Review of the Literature
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Physiological Mechanisms of Eyespot Plasticity
• 5.3 Evolution of Plasticity
• 5.4 Plasticity Across Populations and Species
• 5.5 Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 6: Spatial Variation in Boundary Conditions Can Govern Selection and Location of Eyespots in Butterfly Wings
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Modelling
• 6.2.1 Setting
• 6.2.2 Mathematical Model
• 6.3 Computational Approximation
• 6.4 Results
• 6.4.1 Gradients in Source Strength on the Wing Veins Can Determine Eyespot Location in the Wing Cell
• 6.4.2 A Surface Reaction-Diffusion System Model with Piecewise Constant Reaction Rate Generates Boundary Profiles and Resultin...
• 6.5 Discussion
• References
• Chapter 7: Self-Similarity, Distortion Waves, and the Essence of Morphogenesis: A Generalized View of Color Pattern Formation ...
• 7.1 Introduction.
• 7.2 Self-Similarity in Plants and Animals
• 7.3 Part I: Color Pattern Rules
• 7.3.1 Symmetry in Butterfly Wing Color Patterns
• 7.3.2 The Core-Paracore Rule and Self-Similarity Rule
• 7.3.3 The Border Symmetry System and Its Self-Similarity
• 7.3.4 Eyespot Pattern Rules: The Binary Rule and Inside-Wide Rule
• 7.3.5 Eyespot Pattern Rules: The Uncoupling Rule and Midline Rule
• 7.4 Part II: Formal Models toward the Induction Model
• 7.4.1 Four Steps for Color Pattern Formation as a Starting Frame
• 7.4.2 Gradient Model for Positional Information
• 7.4.3 Transient Models for TS-Type Modifications and Parafocal Elements
• 7.4.4 Heterochronic Uncoupling Model for TS-Type Changes
• 7.5 Part III: Induction Model
• 7.5.1 An Overview
• 7.5.2 Early and Late Stages
• 7.5.3 Settlement Mechanisms
• 7.5.4 Mechanisms for Self-Similarity
• 7.5.5 Reality Check
• 7.6 Part IV: Ploidy, Calcium Waves, and Physical Distortions
• 7.6.1 Scale Size of Elements
• 7.6.2 Ploidy Hypothesis
• 7.6.3 Calcium Waves
• 7.6.4 Physical Distortion Hypothesis
• 7.6.5 Damage-Induced Ectopic Elements
• 7.6.6 Focal Damage
• 7.7 Part V: Generalization and Essence
• 7.7.1 Reinforced Version of the Induction Model
• 7.7.2 Generalization to Other Systems
• 7.7.3 DCG Cycle for Self-Similarity and Its Implications
• References
• Part III: Developmental Genetics
• Chapter 8: A Practical Guide to CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Lepidoptera
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Published Examples of Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing in Lepidoptera
• 8.3 Experimental Design
• 8.4 Embryo Injection
• 8.5 Interpreting Somatic Mosaics
• 8.6 Genotyping
• 8.7 Future Prospects
• Appendix: A Detailed Example of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in the Painted Lady Butterfly V. cardui
• Target Design
• sgRNA Production
• sgRNA Template Generation
• In Vitro Transcription (IVT).
• Cas9 Production
• Egg Injection and Survivor Ratio Calculation
• Genotyping for Modification
• References
• Chapter 9: What Can We Learn About Adaptation from the Wing Pattern Genetics of Heliconius Butterflies?
• 9.1 Phenotypic Effects of Major Loci: The Red Locus Optix
• 9.2 Phenotypic Effects of Major Loci: The Yellow Locus Cortex
• 9.3 Phenotypic Effects of Major Loci: The Shape Locus WntA
• 9.4 Phenotypic Effects of Other Loci
• 9.5 Quantitative Analysis
• 9.6 Non-genetic Effects and Plasticity
• 9.7 A Distribution of Effect Sizes?
• 9.8 Supergenes and Polymorphism
• 9.9 Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 10: Molecular Mechanism and Evolutionary Process Underlying Female-Limited Batesian Mimicry in Papilio polytes
• 10.1 Research Background
• 10.2 Papilio Genome Projects Reveal the H Locus and Chromosomal Inversion Near dsx
• 10.3 Linkage Mapping of the H Locus
• 10.4 Detailed Structure of a Long Heterozygous Region Linked to the H Locus
• 10.5 Dimorphic Dsx Structure Associated with the H and h Alleles
• 10.6 Expression Profiles of Genes Around the Inverted Region of H Locus
• 10.7 Functional Analysis of dsx
• 10.8 Evolution of Female-Limited Batesian Mimicry
• References
• Part IV: Ecological Aspects and Adaptation
• Chapter 11: Chemical Ecology of Poisonous Butterflies: Model or Mimic? A Paradox of Sexual Dimorphisms in Müllerian Mimicry
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.1.1 Tiger Danaus Mimicry Ring
• 11.1.2 Idea Butterfly Mimicry Ring
• 11.1.3 Red-Bodied Swallowtail Mimicry Ring
• 11.2 Discussion
• References
• Chapter 12: A Model for Population Dynamics of the Mimetic Butterfly Papilio polytes in Sakishima Islands, Japan (II)
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Field Records of Papilio polytes Observed in Sakishima Islands.
• 12.2.1 Observation of Temporal Change in the Population of the Mimetic Female of P. polytes in Miyako-jima Island
• 12.2.2 Variation in the Relative Abundance (RA) in Sakishima Islands
• 12.3 Extended Mathematical Model for Population Dynamics of P. polytes
• 12.3.1 Fundamental Facts on the Mimicry of P. polytes
• 12.3.1.1 Difference in Predation Risk Between Two Forms f. polytes and f. cyrus
• 12.3.1.2 Males Prefer the Non-mimic f. cyrus to the Mimic f. polytes?
• 12.3.1.3 Physiological Life Span of Two Forms f. cyrus and f. polytes
• 12.3.2 Mathematical Model of Three ODEs for Population Dynamics of P. polytes with Intraspecific Competition
• 12.4 Mathematical Analysis of the System Equations and Computer Simulations
• 12.4.1 Mathematical Analysis
• 12.4.1.1 Case 1: r2&lt
• r3 and beta2=beta3(=beta)
• 12.4.1.2 Case 2: r2=r3 and beta2&gt
• beta3
• 12.4.1.3 Case 3: r2=r3 and beta2=beta3(=beta)
• 12.5 Summary and Discussions
• References
• Chapter 13: Evolutionary Trends in Phenotypic Elements of Seasonal Forms of the Tribe Junoniini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.2 Methods
• 13.3 Results
• 13.3.1 Variation by Pattern Element
• 13.3.2 Variation by Wing Cell
• 13.3.3 Seasonal Eyespot Variation by Clade
• 13.3.4 Seasonal Forewing Apex Shape Change by Clade
• 13.3.5 Shape Type and Shape Change
• 13.3.6 Discussion
• References
• Chapter 14: Estimating the Mating Success of Male Butterflies in the Field
• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.2 Materials and Methods
• 14.2.1 Source of Animals Used
• 14.2.2 Examination of Reproductive Tracts of Virgin and Mated Males
• 14.2.3 Estimation of Recent Mating Success of Field-Caught Male
• 14.2.4 Spectral Analyses of Iridescent Wing Areas
• 14.3 Results
• 14.3.1 Virgin Male Reproductive Tract
• 14.3.2 Reproductive Tract of Males Immediately After Mating.
• 14.3.3 Changes in the MaleÂś Reproductive Tract with Time Since Mating.