Diversity and Evolution of Butterfly Wing Patterns : : An Integrative Approach.
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Place / Publishing House: | Singapore : : Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,, 2017. ©2017. |
Year of Publication: | 2017 |
Edition: | 1st ed. |
Language: | English |
Online Access: | |
Physical Description: | 1 online resource (322 pages) |
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Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Contents
- Contributors
- Part I: The Nympalid Groundplan (NGP) and Diversification
- Chapter 1: The Common Developmental Origin of Eyespots and Parafocal Elements and a New Model Mechanism for Color Pattern Form...
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Eyespots and Parafocal Elements
- 1.3 Puzzling Results of Temperature Shock Experiments
- 1.4 Models of Color Pattern Formation
- 1.5 The Grass-Fire Model
- 1.6 Basic Patterns
- 1.7 Venous and Intervenous Patterns
- 1.8 Simulation of Notch and Distal-Less Progression
- 1.9 Shape of the Parafocal Elements
- 1.10 Fusion and Separation of Ocelli and Parafocal Elements
- 1.11 Modes of Pattern Evolution
- References
- Chapter 2: Exploring Color Pattern Diversification in Early Lineages of Satyrinae (Nymphalidae)
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Central Symmetry System Dislocations in Forewing and Hind Wing
- 2.3 Variation in Ventral Hind Wing Ocelli
- 2.4 The Color Band Between Elements f and g
- 2.5 Sexual Dimorphism and Mimicry
- 2.6 Transparency
- 2.7 Concluding Remarks
- Appendix: List of Examined Taxa
- References
- Chapter 3: Camouflage Variations on a Theme of the Nymphalid Ground Plan
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Morphological Foundations of the Nymphalid Ground Plan
- 3.3 Evolutionary Path: Gradual Evolutionary Steps Toward Leaf Vein-Like Patterns
- 3.4 Tinkering: The Flexible Building Logic of Leaf Vein-Like Patterns
- 3.5 Modularity: Developmental Modules of the NGP and a Simple Cryptic Pattern
- 3.6 Evolutionary Origin of De Novo Modules: Rewiring of the NGP Developmental Modules to Generate Functional Modules
- 3.7 Next Research Programs
- 3.7.1 Macroevolutionary Pathways Toward Camouflage Patterns
- 3.7.2 Macro-evolvability of the NGP
- 3.7.3 Body plan Character Map: Genetic and Developmental Architectures of the NGP.
- References
- Chapter 4: Morphological Evolution Repeatedly Caused by Mutations in Signaling Ligand Genes
- 4.1 Gephebase: The Database of Genotype-Phenotype Variations
- 4.2 Method: Construction of Gephebase and Identification of Signaling Genes
- Box 4.1: Definitions
- 4.3 A Few Select Genes for Body-Wide Switches in Melanin Production in Tetrapods
- 4.4 cis-Regulatory Evolution Drives Regional Specific Color Shifts
- 4.5 Recent Stickleback Fish Adaptations Repeatedly Recruited Ligand Alleles
- 4.6 The Wnt Beneath My Wings
- 4.7 Ligand Gene Modularity Allows Interspecific Differences
- 4.8 How, When, and Why Ligand Genes Are Likely Drivers of Pattern Variation, or Not
- 4.9 Synthesis: Variations of Morphological Relevance in Ligand-Coding Genes Are cis-Regulatory, Complex, and Multiallelic
- 4.10 Conclusion
- References
- Part II: Eyespots and Evolution
- Chapter 5: Physiology and Evolution of Wing Pattern Plasticity in Bicyclus Butterflies: A Critical Review of the Literature
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Physiological Mechanisms of Eyespot Plasticity
- 5.3 Evolution of Plasticity
- 5.4 Plasticity Across Populations and Species
- 5.5 Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 6: Spatial Variation in Boundary Conditions Can Govern Selection and Location of Eyespots in Butterfly Wings
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Modelling
- 6.2.1 Setting
- 6.2.2 Mathematical Model
- 6.3 Computational Approximation
- 6.4 Results
- 6.4.1 Gradients in Source Strength on the Wing Veins Can Determine Eyespot Location in the Wing Cell
- 6.4.2 A Surface Reaction-Diffusion System Model with Piecewise Constant Reaction Rate Generates Boundary Profiles and Resultin...
- 6.5 Discussion
- References
- Chapter 7: Self-Similarity, Distortion Waves, and the Essence of Morphogenesis: A Generalized View of Color Pattern Formation ...
- 7.1 Introduction.
- 7.2 Self-Similarity in Plants and Animals
- 7.3 Part I: Color Pattern Rules
- 7.3.1 Symmetry in Butterfly Wing Color Patterns
- 7.3.2 The Core-Paracore Rule and Self-Similarity Rule
- 7.3.3 The Border Symmetry System and Its Self-Similarity
- 7.3.4 Eyespot Pattern Rules: The Binary Rule and Inside-Wide Rule
- 7.3.5 Eyespot Pattern Rules: The Uncoupling Rule and Midline Rule
- 7.4 Part II: Formal Models toward the Induction Model
- 7.4.1 Four Steps for Color Pattern Formation as a Starting Frame
- 7.4.2 Gradient Model for Positional Information
- 7.4.3 Transient Models for TS-Type Modifications and Parafocal Elements
- 7.4.4 Heterochronic Uncoupling Model for TS-Type Changes
- 7.5 Part III: Induction Model
- 7.5.1 An Overview
- 7.5.2 Early and Late Stages
- 7.5.3 Settlement Mechanisms
- 7.5.4 Mechanisms for Self-Similarity
- 7.5.5 Reality Check
- 7.6 Part IV: Ploidy, Calcium Waves, and Physical Distortions
- 7.6.1 Scale Size of Elements
- 7.6.2 Ploidy Hypothesis
- 7.6.3 Calcium Waves
- 7.6.4 Physical Distortion Hypothesis
- 7.6.5 Damage-Induced Ectopic Elements
- 7.6.6 Focal Damage
- 7.7 Part V: Generalization and Essence
- 7.7.1 Reinforced Version of the Induction Model
- 7.7.2 Generalization to Other Systems
- 7.7.3 DCG Cycle for Self-Similarity and Its Implications
- References
- Part III: Developmental Genetics
- Chapter 8: A Practical Guide to CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Lepidoptera
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Published Examples of Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing in Lepidoptera
- 8.3 Experimental Design
- 8.4 Embryo Injection
- 8.5 Interpreting Somatic Mosaics
- 8.6 Genotyping
- 8.7 Future Prospects
- Appendix: A Detailed Example of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in the Painted Lady Butterfly V. cardui
- Target Design
- sgRNA Production
- sgRNA Template Generation
- In Vitro Transcription (IVT).
- Cas9 Production
- Egg Injection and Survivor Ratio Calculation
- Genotyping for Modification
- References
- Chapter 9: What Can We Learn About Adaptation from the Wing Pattern Genetics of Heliconius Butterflies?
- 9.1 Phenotypic Effects of Major Loci: The Red Locus Optix
- 9.2 Phenotypic Effects of Major Loci: The Yellow Locus Cortex
- 9.3 Phenotypic Effects of Major Loci: The Shape Locus WntA
- 9.4 Phenotypic Effects of Other Loci
- 9.5 Quantitative Analysis
- 9.6 Non-genetic Effects and Plasticity
- 9.7 A Distribution of Effect Sizes?
- 9.8 Supergenes and Polymorphism
- 9.9 Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 10: Molecular Mechanism and Evolutionary Process Underlying Female-Limited Batesian Mimicry in Papilio polytes
- 10.1 Research Background
- 10.2 Papilio Genome Projects Reveal the H Locus and Chromosomal Inversion Near dsx
- 10.3 Linkage Mapping of the H Locus
- 10.4 Detailed Structure of a Long Heterozygous Region Linked to the H Locus
- 10.5 Dimorphic Dsx Structure Associated with the H and h Alleles
- 10.6 Expression Profiles of Genes Around the Inverted Region of H Locus
- 10.7 Functional Analysis of dsx
- 10.8 Evolution of Female-Limited Batesian Mimicry
- References
- Part IV: Ecological Aspects and Adaptation
- Chapter 11: Chemical Ecology of Poisonous Butterflies: Model or Mimic? A Paradox of Sexual Dimorphisms in Müllerian Mimicry
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.1.1 Tiger Danaus Mimicry Ring
- 11.1.2 Idea Butterfly Mimicry Ring
- 11.1.3 Red-Bodied Swallowtail Mimicry Ring
- 11.2 Discussion
- References
- Chapter 12: A Model for Population Dynamics of the Mimetic Butterfly Papilio polytes in Sakishima Islands, Japan (II)
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Field Records of Papilio polytes Observed in Sakishima Islands.
- 12.2.1 Observation of Temporal Change in the Population of the Mimetic Female of P. polytes in Miyako-jima Island
- 12.2.2 Variation in the Relative Abundance (RA) in Sakishima Islands
- 12.3 Extended Mathematical Model for Population Dynamics of P. polytes
- 12.3.1 Fundamental Facts on the Mimicry of P. polytes
- 12.3.1.1 Difference in Predation Risk Between Two Forms f. polytes and f. cyrus
- 12.3.1.2 Males Prefer the Non-mimic f. cyrus to the Mimic f. polytes?
- 12.3.1.3 Physiological Life Span of Two Forms f. cyrus and f. polytes
- 12.3.2 Mathematical Model of Three ODEs for Population Dynamics of P. polytes with Intraspecific Competition
- 12.4 Mathematical Analysis of the System Equations and Computer Simulations
- 12.4.1 Mathematical Analysis
- 12.4.1.1 Case 1: r2<
- r3 and beta2=beta3(=beta)
- 12.4.1.2 Case 2: r2=r3 and beta2>
- beta3
- 12.4.1.3 Case 3: r2=r3 and beta2=beta3(=beta)
- 12.5 Summary and Discussions
- References
- Chapter 13: Evolutionary Trends in Phenotypic Elements of Seasonal Forms of the Tribe Junoniini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Methods
- 13.3 Results
- 13.3.1 Variation by Pattern Element
- 13.3.2 Variation by Wing Cell
- 13.3.3 Seasonal Eyespot Variation by Clade
- 13.3.4 Seasonal Forewing Apex Shape Change by Clade
- 13.3.5 Shape Type and Shape Change
- 13.3.6 Discussion
- References
- Chapter 14: Estimating the Mating Success of Male Butterflies in the Field
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Materials and Methods
- 14.2.1 Source of Animals Used
- 14.2.2 Examination of Reproductive Tracts of Virgin and Mated Males
- 14.2.3 Estimation of Recent Mating Success of Field-Caught Male
- 14.2.4 Spectral Analyses of Iridescent Wing Areas
- 14.3 Results
- 14.3.1 Virgin Male Reproductive Tract
- 14.3.2 Reproductive Tract of Males Immediately After Mating.
- 14.3.3 Changes in the MaleÂś Reproductive Tract with Time Since Mating.