Counteracting Urban Heat Island Effects in a Global Climate Change Scenario.

• Author: Musco, Francesco.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2016.; ©2016.
• Year of Publication: 2016
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (444 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Glossary and Abbreviations -- Contents -- Editor Bios and Contributors -- Editor Bios -- Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Planning and Climate Change: Concepts, Approaches, Design -- Introduction -- Climate Change and the City: A Complex Relationship -- From Sustainability to Climate Change: Towards a New Approach -- Mitigation and Adaptation in the European Agenda -- Towards Urban Adaptation -- A New Role for Planning -- New Concepts -- Conclusions: Building Urban Adaptation - The Main Role of Planners -- References -- Introduction -- Introduction -- Part I: The Urban Heat Island: Evidence, Measures and Tools -- Chapter 1: Forecasting Models for Urban Warming in Climate Change -- 1.1 General Introduction -- 1.2 Overview of Models and Tools -- 1.3 Case Studies -- 1.3.1 Projections of Climate Trends for Urban Areas in Central Europe Using WRF -- 1.3.1.1 Introduction -- 1.3.1.2 Data and Methods -- 1.3.1.3 Results -- 1.3.1.4 Conclusion -- References -- 1.3.2 Human-Biometeorological Assessment of Changing Conditions in the Region of Stuttgart in the Twenty-First Century -- 1.3.2.1 Data and Methods -- 1.3.2.2 Results -- References -- 1.3.3 Urban Climate Modelling with SURFEX/TEB at the Hungarian Meteorological Service -- 1.3.3.1 Introduction -- 1.3.3.2 Methodology -- 1.3.3.3 Results -- 1.3.3.3.1 Budapest -- 1.3.3.3.2 Szeged -- 1.3.3.4 Summary -- References -- 1.3.4 Regional Climate Modelling Considering the Effect of Urbanization on Climate Change in Central Europe -- 1.3.4.1 Introduction -- 1.3.4.2 Background of Modelling for Europe -- 1.3.4.3 Urban Parameterization and Experimental Setup -- 1.3.4.4 Results -- 1.3.4.5 Conclusions -- References -- 1.3.5 Statistical Downscaling Techniques Applied to ENSEMBLES GCMs: Bologna-Modena Case Study -- 1.3.5.1 Introduction -- 1.3.5.2 Data and Methods -- 1.3.5.3 Results.

1.3.5.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Urban Heat Island Gold Standard and Urban Heat Island Atlas -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Concepts -- 2.3 Planning a Representative Urban Climate Station Network -- 2.4 Exposure of Instruments -- 2.4.1 Temperature -- 2.4.2 Humidity -- 2.4.3 Wind Speed and Direction -- 2.4.4 Precipitation -- 2.4.5 Solar Radiation -- 2.5 Measurement Programs in Urban Environments -- 2.6 Site Description for METADATA -- 2.7 Data Transmission and Data Management -- 2.8 The Central-European Urban Heat Island Atlas -- 2.8.1 UHI Atlas and its database -- 2.8.2 High Resolution (&lt -- 0.5 km) Raster Data and Vector Data -- 2.8.2.1 Corine Land Cover -- 2.8.2.2 Land Cover/Land Use for Cities Included in Project (Urban Atlas) -- 2.8.2.3 Digital Elevation Data SRTM -- 2.9 Raster Data with Low Resolution (≥0.5 km) -- 2.9.1 MODIS NDVI Images -- 2.9.2 MODIS LST Images -- 2.9.3 VIIRS Night Scene Images -- 2.9.4 Air Temperature (2 m Above the Ground) -- 2.10 The Data from the Partners -- 2.11 Summary -- References -- Chapter 3: Methodologies for UHI Analysis -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Urban Heat Island in Central Europe -- 3.3 Short-Term Analyses of the Observations -- 3.4 Long-Term Analyses of the Observations -- 3.5 Modelling Efforts -- 3.6 A Systematic Framework for the Representation of Urban Variables -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Relevance of Thermal Indices for the Assessment of the Urban Heat Island -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methods and Data -- 4.2.1 Physiologically Equivalent Temperature -- 4.2.2 Universal Thermal Climate Index -- 4.3 Exemplary Results -- 4.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Decision Support Systems for Urban Planning -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Development of the UHI Project's DSS -- 5.3 UHI's Decision Support System -- 5.3.1 Structure -- 5.3.2 The Interface.

5.3.3 Project Logical Framework -- 5.3.4 The Consultation Tool -- 5.3.5 The DSS -- 5.4 DSS Input -- 5.4.1 WP3 -- 5.4.2 WP4 -- 5.4.3 WP5 Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies -- 5.5 Main Acronyms -- Reference -- Part II: Pilot Actions in European Cities -- Chapter 6: UHI in the Metropolitan Cluster of Bologna-­Modena: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies -- 6.1 Implementing Solutions for Climate Change in Urban Context -- 6.2 The Metropolitan Cluster Of Bologna-Modena -- 6.2.1 Urban and Environmental Framework -- 6.2.2 Pilot Area Identification Methodology and Description -- 6.2.3 UHI Phenomenon in the Urban Area of Modena and Application of Models to Simulate Mitigation Measures -- 6.2.4 Experimental Environmental Quality Index to Assess the UHI's Mitigation Actions in a Building Lot -- 6.2.5 Adaptation Strategy to Heat Risk: Assessment of a Possible Development of the Heat Risk Alert System Based on the Use of Emergency Ambulance Data -- 6.2.5.1 Alert System -- 6.2.5.2 Emilia-Romagna Regional Government Coordination Actions -- 6.2.5.3 Proposed Pilot Action: Preliminary Assessment of a Possible Development of the Heat Risk Alert System Based on the Use of Emergency Ambulance Data -- 6.2.6 Conclusions -- 6.3 Next Steps -- Appendices -- Appendix A -- Review of the Different Rules and Regulation Set Up by Emilia-­Romagna Local Government -- Resolution of the Regional Council n. 344 of 14th March 2011 -- Resolution of the Regional Assembly n. 28 of 10th December 2010 -- Resolution of the Regional Assembly n. 1570 of 26th July 2011 -- Resolution of the Regional Assembly n. 50 of 26th July 2011 -- Resolution of the Regional Assembly n. 156 of 4th March 2008 -- Regional Law n. 26 of 23rd December 2004 "Discipline of the Territorial Energy Planning and Other Energy Related Provisions" -- Regional Energy Plan (PER) -- Regional Territorial Plan (PTR).

The Integrated Transports Regional Plan (PRIT) Approved in 1998 -- Environmental Action Plan -- Incentives, Financing and Regulatory Actions in Support of Environmental Restoration, Energy Conservation and Reduction of the Phenomena Related to Climate Change Put in Act from Your Local Authorities to Facilitate a Sustainable Land Use (Local Author -- Implementation of the Directive 2001/42/EC on the Assessment of the Environmental Effects of Plans and Programmes -- Appendix B -- Technical Content of the Requirement on Control of Solar Energy Intake -- Need -- Scope -- Performance Level -- Summer Sunshine -- Winter Sunshine -- Method of Verification at the Design Stage -- Method of Verification at Work Completed -- Appendix C -- 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 3.1 Product Characteristics -- 3.2 Types of Actions -- 3.3 Data Entry (Actual State - Planned State) -- 4 -- 4.1 Phenomena Analysis Methodology -- 4.2 Simulation of Plants -- 4.3 Index Output -- 5 -- 5.1 Index Output -- 6 -- 6.1 Indexes and Economic Assessment of Planning Solutions -- 7 -- 8 -- 8.1 Limits to the Granting of Bonuses and Awards -- References -- Chapter 7: The Urban Corridor of Venice and The Case of Padua -- 7.1 Urban and Environmental Framework -- 7.2 Pilot Areas Identification Methodology -- 7.3 UHI Phenomena in the Pilot Area -- 7.3.1 Mobile Surveys -- 7.3.2 In Situ Measurements -- 7.4 Feasibility Study: UHI Mitigation Strategies by Simulations -- References -- Chapter 8: Mitigation of and Adaptation to UHI Phenomena: The Padua Case Study -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Analysis Methods: Traditional Surveys and Remote Sensing -- 8.3 Feasibility Study -- 8.4 The Pilot Area as Testing Ground for the Veneto Region -- 8.5 Possible Transformations of the Pilot Area -- 8.5.1 Outdoor Public Spaces -- 8.5.2 Public Green Spaces: Create New Traffic Islands and Plant New Trees -- 8.5.3 Private Outdoor Spaces.

8.5.4 Post-scenario Intervention -- Bibliography -- Focus A: Energy and Urban Form -- Bibliography -- Focus B: Using Aerial Photogrammetry for Urban Sustainability Analysis -- Step One -- Step Two -- Step Three -- Bibliography -- Focus C: Urban Sprawl and Measures for Environmental Sustainability -- Urban Sprawl: Characteristics and Impacts -- 8.1.1 Measures and Tools for Sprawl Containment -- Chapter 9: Pilot Action City of Vienna - UHI-STRAT Vienna -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 A Consistent Strategy for UHI in Urban Planning -- 9.2.1 Consolidation at the European and the National Level -- 9.2.2 Strategic Approach to UHI-Relevant Aspects in Vienna -- 9.3 UHI and the Urban Climate in Vienna - Status Quo and Future Developments -- 9.4 Fields of Action for UHI-STRAT Vienna - City-Wide Actions and Actions for Individual Lots and Buildings -- 9.4.1 Awareness Building, Information and Public Relations -- 9.4.2 Urban Structure, Large-Scale Strategic Measures -- 9.4.3 Specific Technical and Structural Measures -- 9.5 Level of Action - From Master Plan to Project -- 9.5.1 Master Plans and Urban Planning Mission Statements -- 9.5.2 Strategic Environmental Assessment and Environmental Impact Assessment -- 9.5.3 Land Use and Building Development Planning -- 9.5.4 Planning and Development of Public Green and Open Space -- 9.5.5 Developer Competitions, Housing Initiatives and Public Housing Construction -- 9.5.6 Planning and Development of Public Utility Buildings -- 9.5.7 Subsidising Measures -- 9.6 Feasibility Studies -- 9.6.1 People's Attitude Towards Heat in the City -- 9.6.2 Feasibility Study for the Urban Development Master Plan -- 9.6.2.1 UHI-Relevant Links in the Master Plan Process -- 9.6.2.2 UHI Measures in the Master Plan for "Nordbahnstraße - Innstraße" -- 9.6.2.3 Modelling Measures and Their Impact with the Example of "Nordbahnstraße - Innstraße".

9.6.3 Feasibility Study at the Level of Land-Use and Building Development Planning.