Guideline for Salinity Assessment, Mitigation and Adaptation Using Nuclear and Related Techniques.

• Author: Zaman, Mohammad.
• TeilnehmendeR: Shahid, Shabbir A.; Heng, Lee.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2018.; ©2018.
• Year of Publication: 2018
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (183 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Plates -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Soil Salinity, Sodicity and Diagnostics Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What Is Soil Salinity? -- 1.1.1 Units of Soil Salinity -- 1.1.2 Why Total Soluble Salts Versus ECe Relationship Is Required? -- 2 Causes of Soil Salinity -- 3 Salinity Development in Soils - A Hypothetical Cycle -- 4 Types of Soil Salinity -- 4.1 Dryland Soil Salinity -- 4.2 Secondary Soil Salinity -- 5 Damage Caused by Soil Salinity -- 6 Facts About Salinity and How It Affects Plant Growth -- 7 Visual Indicators of Soil Salinity -- 8 Field Assessment of Soil Salinity -- 9 Soil Sodicity and Its Diagnostics -- 9.1 Visual Indicators of Soil Sodicity -- 9.2 Field Testing of Soil Sodicity -- 9.3 Laboratory Assessment of Soil Sodicity -- 10 Sodicity and Soil Structure -- 10.1 Negative Effects of Surface Sealing -- 10.2 Positive Effects of Surface Sealing -- 11 Classification of Salt-Affected Soils -- 11.1 US Salinity Laboratory Staff Classification -- 11.1.1 Saline Soils -- 11.1.2 Saline-Sodic Soils -- 11.1.3 Sodic Soils -- 11.1.4 Classes of Soil Salinity and Plant Growth -- 11.2 FAO/UNESCO Classification -- 11.2.1 Solonchaks (Saline) -- 11.2.2 Solonetz (Sodic) -- 12 Socioeconomic Impacts of Salinity -- 13 Environmental Impacts of Salinity -- 14 Soil Salinity Monitoring -- 15 Soil Sampling Frequency and Zone -- 16 Current Approaches of Salinity Diagnostics - Assessment, Mapping and Monitoring -- 16.1 Salinity Assessment -- 16.1.1 Routine Methods -- 16.1.1.1 Saturated Soil Paste - Justification for Its Use -- 16.1.1.2 Preparation of Saturated Soil Paste -- 16.1.1.3 Collection of Soil Saturation Extract and EC Measurement -- 16.2 Modern Methods of Soil Salinity Measurement.

16.2.1 Salinity Probe -- 16.2.2 Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) -- 16.2.3 Salinity Sensors and Data Logger -- 16.2.3.1 System Installation and Operation - An Example -- 16.2.3.2 Soil Salinity Monitoring -- 16.3 Use of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) in Salinity Mapping and Monitoring -- 16.4 Global Use of Remote Sensing in Salinity Mapping and Monitoring -- 16.5 Geo-Statistics -- 16.5.1 Kriging -- 16.5.2 Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation -- 16.6 Morphological Methods -- 16.6.1 Macromorphology -- 16.6.2 Mesomorphology -- 16.6.3 Micromorphology -- References -- Chapter 2: Soil Salinity: Historical Perspectives and a World Overview of the Problem -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Soil Salinity - A Historical and Contemporary Perspective -- 3 An Overview of Salinity Problem -- 4 Distribution of Salinity in Drylands in Different Continents of the World -- 5 Irrigation Practices and Soil Salinization -- 6 Regional Overview of Salinity Problem -- 7 Extent of Soil Salinity in the Middle East -- 8 Socioeconomic Aspects of Soil Salinization -- References -- Chapter 3: Salinity and Sodicity Adaptation and Mitigation Options -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mitigation and Adaptation Options -- 3 Diagnostics of the Soil Salinity Problem -- 4 Integrated Soil Reclamation Program (ISRP) -- 4.1 Objectives of Salinity Reclamation -- 4.2 Prerequisite for Soil Reclamation -- 4.3 Physical Methods of Soil Reclamation -- 4.3.1 Leveling -- 4.3.2 Subsoiling -- 4.3.3 Sanding -- 4.3.4 Scraping -- 4.3.5 Seed Bed Preparation - Tillage -- 4.4 Chemical Methods of Soil Reclamation -- 4.4.1 Use of Gypsum to Reclaim Sodic Soil -- 4.4.1.1 Determination of Gypsum Requirement -- 4.4.1.2 How to Determine the Weight of One-Hectare Soil? -- 4.4.1.3 Conversion of Gypsum Requirement - Lab Results to Field Application.

4.4.1.4 A Comparison of Gypsum Requirement Between USSL Staff (1954) and Sandy Soils of United Arab Emirates -- 4.4.1.5 Gypsum Requirement -- 4.4.2 Use of Acids to Reclaim Calcareous-Sodic Soils -- 4.4.3 Use of Elemental Sulfur to Reclaim Calcareous-Sodic Soils -- 4.5 Hydrological Methods of Soil Reclamation -- 4.5.1 Leaching -- 4.5.1.1 Timing of Leaching Irrigation -- 4.5.1.2 Leaching Requirement and Leaching Fraction -- 4.5.1.3 Leaching Requirement for Surface Irrigation -- 4.5.1.4 Leaching Requirement for Drip Irrigation System -- 4.5.2 Flushing -- 5 Drainage and Drainage Systems -- 5.1 Agricultural Drainage Systems -- 5.1.1 Surface Drainage - Natural Drainage -- 5.1.2 Subsurface Drainage -- 5.1.3 Tile Drainage System -- 5.1.4 Mole Drainage System -- 5.1.5 Vertical Drainage -- 6 Salinity Control and Methods of Irrigation -- 6.1 Surface Irrigation -- 6.2 Basin Irrigation -- 6.3 Furrow Irrigation -- 6.4 Border Irrigation -- 6.5 Sprinkler Irrigation -- 6.6 Drip Irrigation -- 7 Biological Methods of Soil Reclamation -- 7.1 Use of Organic Amendments -- 7.2 Biosaline Agriculture -- 7.3 Screening Methods -- 7.3.1 Screening in Greenhouse Using Hydroponics -- 7.3.2 Screening in the Field -- 8 Serial Biological Concentration (SBC) Concept -- 9 Genetic Engineering (Developing Salt Tolerant Cultivars) -- 10 Crop Yield Estimation Under Saline Conditions -- 11 Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) -- 11.1 What Is a Four Right (4R) Strategy? -- 12 Conservation Agriculture (CA) -- 13 Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) -- 14 Commercial Exploitation of Mineral Resources from Highly Saline Areas - The Neglected Resource -- 15 Salinity Control Strategy -- References -- Chapter 4: Irrigation Systems and Zones of Salinity Development -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sprinkler Irrigation -- 3 Drip Irrigation -- 3.1 Salinity Management When Using Drip Irrigation.

3.2 Subsurface Drip Irrigation -- 4 Furrow Irrigation -- 5 Surge Irrigation -- 6 Salinity and Sodicity Management in the Root-Zone -- 6.1 Physical Methods -- 6.2 Chemical Methods -- 6.3 Hydrological Methods -- 6.4 Agronomic Methods -- 6.5 Biological Methods -- 7 Relative Crop Salinity Tolerance Rating -- 8 Soil Salinity and Relative Yield Reduction of Crops -- References -- Chapter 5: Irrigation Water Quality -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Quality of Irrigation Water -- 2.1 Salinity Hazard -- 2.1.1 Modified USSL Staff (1954) Water Salinity Classification -- 2.2 Sodium Hazard -- 2.3 Carbonates and Bicarbonates Concentration -- 2.4 Specific Ion Effects (Toxic Elements) -- 2.4.1 Sodium Toxicity -- 2.4.2 Boron Toxicity -- 2.4.3 Chloride Toxicity -- 3 Classification of Irrigation Water -- 4 Analysis of Irrigation Water -- 4.1 Chemical Analyses -- 4.1.1 EC and Total Salt Concentration -- 4.1.2 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) -- 4.1.3 Residual Sodium Carbonates (RSC) -- 5 Conductivity Classes (USSL Staff 1954) -- 5.1 Low Salinity Water (Salinity Class C1) -- 5.2 Medium Salinity Water (Salinity Class C2) -- 5.3 High Salinity Water (Salinity Class C3) -- 5.4 Very High Salinity Water (Salinity Class C4) -- 6 Sodicity Classes (USSL Staff 1954) -- 6.1 Low Sodium Water (Sodicity Class S1) -- 6.2 Medium Sodium Water (Sodicity Class S2) -- 6.3 High Sodium Water (Sodicity Class S3) -- 6.4 Very High Sodium Water (Sodicity Class S4) -- 7 Improvement of Irrigation Water Quality -- 7.1 Blending Water -- 7.2 Blending Water to Achieve a Desired Salinity -- 8 Water Sodicity Mitigation -- 8.1 Gypsum Requirement Using the Residual Sodium Carbonates (RSC) Concept -- 8.2 Determining the SAR of Blended Water to Be Used for Irrigation -- 9 Cyclic Use of Water -- References -- Chapter 6: The Role of Nuclear Techniques in Biosaline Agriculture -- 1 Introduction.

2 Background Information on Isotopes -- 3 Use of Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques in Biosaline Agriculture -- 4 The Use of Nitrogen-15 (15N) to Study Fertilizer Use Efficiency -- 4.1 Setting Up Experimental Field Plots -- 4.2 Calculation of Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) -- 4.3 An Example for 15N-Labeled Urea Dilution -- 5 Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) -- 5.1 Estimating Legume BNF Using 15N Isotope Techniques -- 5.2 15N Isotope Dilution Technique -- 5.3 Calculation of the Amount of N Derived from BNF by 15N Isotope Dilution Technique -- 5.4 15N Natural Abundance Technique -- 5.5 Correction for N Derived from Seed -- 6 Water Stable Isotope Technique to Determine Evapotranspiration Partitioning -- 6.1 Determining δET Using the Keeling Mixing Model -- 6.1.1 Theory -- 6.1.2 Experimental Approach -- 6.2 Determining δET Using the Craig-Gordon Model -- 6.2.1 Theory -- 6.2.2 Experimental Approach -- 6.3 Determining δT via Direct Measurement at the Leaf -- 6.3.1 Theory -- 6.3.2 Experimental Approach -- 7 Application of Other Isotopes -- References.