Digital Video Concepts, Methods, and Metrics : : Quality, Compression, Performance, and Power Trade-Off Analysis.
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Place / Publishing House: | Berkeley, CA : : Apress L. P.,, 2014. ©2014. |
Year of Publication: | 2014 |
Edition: | 1st ed. |
Language: | English |
Online Access: | |
Physical Description: | 1 online resource (359 pages) |
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Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Contents at a Glance
- Contents
- About the Author
- About the Technical Reviewer
- Acknowledgments
- Preface
- Chapter 1: Introduction
- The Key Concepts
- Digital Video
- Video Data Compression
- Noise Reduction
- Visual Quality
- Performance
- Power Consumption
- Video Compression Considerations
- Varying Uses
- Conflicting Requirements
- Hardware vs. Software Implementations
- Tradeoff Analysis
- Benchmarks and Standards
- Challenges and Opportunities
- The Outcomes of Tradeoff Analysis
- Emerging Video Applications
- Summary
- Chapter 2: Digital Video Compression Techniques
- Network Limits and Compression
- The Human Visual System
- The HVS Models
- The First Approximation Model
- Refined Model Including Nonlinearity
- The Model Implications
- The Model Applications
- Expoliting the HVS
- An Overview of Compression Techniques
- Data Structures and Concepts
- Signals and Sampling
- Common Terms and Notions
- Chroma Subsampling
- 4:4:4 to 4:2:0
- Reduction of Redundancy
- Spatial Redundancy
- Temporal Redundancy
- Statistical Redundancy
- Entropy Coding
- Huffman Coding
- Arithmetic Coding
- Compression Techniques: Cost-benefit Analysis
- Transform Coding Techniques
- Discrete Cosine Transform
- Quantization
- Walsh-Hadamard and Other Transforms
- Predictive Coding Techniques
- Lossless Predictive Coding
- Lossy Predictive Coding
- Lossy DPCM
- Temporal Prediction
- Additional Coding Techniques
- Vector Quantization
- Subband Coding
- Rate-Distortion Theory
- Lossy Compression Aspects
- Summary
- Chapter 3: Video Coding Standards
- Overview of International Video Coding Standards
- JPEG
- H.261
- MPEG-1
- MPEG-2
- H.263
- MPEG-4 (Part 2)
- AVC
- Profile and Level
- Picture Structure
- Coding Algorithm
- Intra Prediction
- Inter Prediction.
- Transform and Quantization
- Entropy Coding
- Flexible Interlaced Coding
- In-Loop Deblocking
- Error Resilience
- HEVC
- Picture Parititioning and Structure
- Profiles and Levels
- Intra Prediction
- Inter Prediction
- Motion Vector Prediction
- Motion Compensation
- Entropy Coding
- In-loop Deblocking and SAO
- Parallel Processing Syntax and Tools
- Tiles
- Wavefront Parallel Processing
- Slice Segments and Dependent Slices
- International Standards for Video Quality
- VQEG Standards
- IEEE Standard 1180-1990
- Overview of Other Industry Standards and Formats
- VC-1
- VP8
- VP9
- Picture Partitioning
- Bitstream Features
- Residual Coding
- Intra Prediction
- Inter Prediction
- Loop Filter
- Segmentation
- Summary
- Chapter 4: Video Quality Metrics
- Compression Loss, Artifacts, and Visual Quality
- Compression Loss: Quantization Noise
- Quantization of Samples
- Frequency Quantization
- Color Quantization
- Common Artifacts
- Blurring Artifact
- Block Boundary Artifact
- Ringing Artifact
- Aliasing Artifacts
- Jaggies
- Moiré Pattern
- Flickering Artifacts
- Jerkiness
- Telecine Judder
- Other Image Artifacts
- Corruption due to Transmission Error
- Image Noise
- Factors Affecting Visual Quality
- Video Quality Evaluation Methods and Metrics
- Subjective Video Quality Evaluation
- Subjective Quality Evaluation Methods and Metrics
- Absolute Category Rating
- Degradation Category Rating
- Comparison Category Rating
- SAMVIQ
- MOS
- Objective Video Quality Evaluation Methods and Metrics
- Classification of Objective Video Quality Metrics
- Full Reference
- Reduced Reference
- No Reference
- Error Sensitivity Based Approaches
- General Framework
- Limitations
- Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio
- Applications
- Advantages
- Limitations
- Improvements on PSNR.
- Moving Picture Quality Metric
- Structural Similarity Based Approaches
- Structural Similarity Index
- Information Fidelity Based Approaches
- Visual Information Fidelity
- Spatio-Temporal Approaches
- Spatio-Temporal Video SSIM
- Saliency Based Approaches
- Saliency-based Video Quality Assessment
- Network-Aware Approaches
- Modified PSNR
- Noise-Based Quality Metrics
- Noise Quality Measure
- Objective Coding Efficiency Metrics
- BD-PSNR, BD-SSIM, BD-Bitrate
- Advantages
- Limitations
- Generalized BD-PSNR
- Limitations
- Examples of Standards-based Measures
- Video Quality Metric
- ITU-T G.1070 and G.1070E
- ITU-T P.1202.2
- Measurement of Video Quality
- Subjective Measurements
- Objective Measurements and Their Applications
- Parameters to Tune
- Parameters that Impact Video Quality
- Tradeoff Opportunities
- Summary
- Chapter 5: Video Coding Performance
- CPU Speed and its Limits
- Motivation for Improvement
- Performance Considerations
- Maximum Resource Utilization
- Resource Specialization
- Video Parameters Tuning
- Factors Determining Encoding Speed
- System Configurations
- The Nature of Workloads
- Encoding Tools and Parameters
- Independent data units
- GOP structure
- Bit rate control
- Multiple reference pictures
- R-D Lagrangian optimization
- Frame/field mode for interlaced video
- Adaptive deblocking filter
- Video Complexity and Formats
- GPU-based Acceleration Opportunities
- Performance Optimization Approaches
- Algorithmic Optimization
- Fast Algorithms
- Fast Transforms
- Fast Intra Prediction
- Fast Motion Estimation
- Fast Mode Decision
- Fast Entropy Coding
- Parallelization Approaches
- Data Partitioning
- Task Parallelization
- Pipelining
- Data Parallelization
- Instruction Parallelization
- Multithreading
- Vectorization
- Compiler and Code Optimization.
- Compiler optimization
- Code optimization
- Overclocking
- Performance Bottlenecks
- Performance Measurement and Tuning
- Considerations
- Performance Metrics
- Tools and Applications
- V Tune Amplifier
- GPUView
- Summary
- Chapter 6: Power Consumption by Video Applications
- Power Consumption and Its Limits
- Media Workloads on Consumer Platforms
- Media Usages
- Power-Aware Designs
- Power-Management Considerations
- ACPI and Power Management
- ACPI Power States
- Global States
- Device States
- Power Management by the Operating System
- Linux Power Management
- The X Window
- Window Managers
- Intel Embedded Graphics Driver
- Windows Power Management
- Power Requirements
- Power Policy
- The Windows Driver Model
- The Windows Driver Framework
- Device Power Management in Windows 8
- Dealing with Power Requests
- Power Management by the Processor
- CPU States ( C -states)
- Performance States ( P -states)
- Turbo
- Thermal States ( T -States)
- The Voltage-Frequency Curve
- Power Optimizations
- Architectural Optimization
- Hardware-Software Partitioning
- Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling
- Power Gating
- Clock Gating
- Slice Gating
- Use of Low-level Cache
- Algorithmic Optimization
- Computational Complexity Reduction
- Selecting Efficient Data types
- Code Parallelization and Optimization
- Memory Transfer Reduction
- System Integration Optimization
- System Operating Point on the P-F Curve
- Intelligent Scheduling
- Duty Cycle Reduction
- Application-Level Optimization
- Context Awareness by the Application
- Applications Seeking User Intervention
- Power Measurement
- Methodology
- AC Power Measurement
- DC Power Measurement
- Considerations in Power Measurement
- Tools and Applications
- An Example DC Power-Measurement System
- Software Tools and Applications
- PowerTop.
- PowerCfg
- PwrTest
- Perfmon and Xperf
- Joulemeter
- Intel Power Gadget
- Intel Power Checker
- Intel Battery Life Analyzer
- Intel Graphics Performance Analyzer
- GPU-Z and HWiNFO
- Power Virus
- Summary
- Chapter 7: Video Application Power Consumption on Low-Power Platforms
- The Priorities for Low-Power Devices
- Typical Media Usage on Low-Power Platforms
- Video Playback and Browsing
- Video Recording
- Video Delivery over Wireless Display and Miracast
- Videophone or Videoconferencing
- System Low-Power States
- Drawbacks of the ACPI Simple Model
- Connected Standby and Standby States
- Combination of Low-Power States
- Power Management on Low-Power Platforms
- Special Hardware for Power Management
- Power Management Circuits
- Power-Management Controller
- Display Power Management
- Panel Self-Refresh
- Display Power-Saving Technology
- Content-Adaptive Backlight Control
- Ambient Light Sensor
- Low-Power Platform Considerations
- Software Design
- Intelligent Power Awareness
- Quality Requirements
- Hardware-Accelerated Blocks
- Energy-Efficient User Interfaces
- Code Density and Memory Footprint
- Optimization of Data Transfer
- Parallel and Batch Processing
- Architectural Matters
- Combined System Components
- Optimized Hardware and Software Interaction
- Migrating the Workload from General-Purpose to Fixed-Purpose Hardware
- Power Sharing Between the CPU and the GPU
- Using Low-Power Core, Uncore, and Graphics
- Power reduction of RAM/ROM periphery and core array
- Reduce V DD during sleep mode to manage leakage
- Independent memory bank collapse for large high-density memories
- Advanced low-power clocking and clock tree optimization
- Clock domain partitioning
- Independent frequency clock domains
- Fine-grained tuning of clock gating
- Using Power Domains or Power Islands.
- Independent voltage scaling for active and sleep modes.