North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment.

North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment.

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Bibliographic Details
Superior document:Regional Climate Studies
:
Quante, Markus.
TeilnehmendeR:
Colijn, Franciscus.
Place / Publishing House:Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2016.
©2016.
Year of Publication:2016
Edition:1st ed.
Language:English
Series:Regional Climate Studies
Online Access:
Physical Description:1 online resource (555 pages)
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Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Foreword
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgements
  • Contents
  • Lead Authors
  • Contributing Authors
  • Reviewers
  • Acronyms and Abbreviations
  • About NOSCCA
  • Overall Summary
  • 1 Introduction to the Assessment-Characteristics of the Region
  • Abstract
  • 1.1ƒIntroduction
  • 1.2ƒNorth Sea and Bounding Countries-A General Overview
  • 1.2.1 Geography of the Region
  • 1.2.1.1 Catchment Area and Freshwater Supply
  • 1.2.1.2 Coastal Types
  • 1.2.1.3 Demography
  • 1.2.2 Major Human and Economic Activities
  • 1.3ƒGeology and Topography of the North Sea
  • 1.3.1 Geological and Climatic Evolution of the North Sea Basin
  • 1.3.1.1 General Settings
  • 1.3.1.2 Permian to Holocene
  • 1.3.2 Topography of the North Sea
  • 1.4ƒHydrography-Description of North Sea Physics
  • 1.4.1 Boundary Forcing
  • 1.4.1.1 Atlantic Ocean
  • 1.4.1.2 European Continent and Baltic Sea
  • 1.4.1.3 Atmosphere
  • 1.4.1.4 Seabed
  • 1.4.2 Thermohaline Regime
  • 1.4.3 Wind-Driven Regime
  • 1.4.4 Tidally-Driven Regime
  • 1.4.5 Transport Processes
  • 1.5ƒCurrent Atmospheric Climate
  • 1.5.1 Atmospheric Circulation
  • 1.5.1.1 Sea-Level Pressure
  • 1.5.1.2 North Atlantic Circulation
  • 1.5.2 Wind
  • 1.5.2.1 Ship-Based Wind Speed Observations
  • 1.5.2.2 Remotely-Sensed Wind Speeds
  • 1.5.2.3 Geostrophic Wind Speeds
  • 1.5.2.4 Wind Direction
  • 1.5.2.5 Sea Breeze
  • 1.5.3 Air Temperature
  • 1.5.3.1 Monthly and Annual Means
  • 1.5.3.2 Extremes
  • 1.5.4 Precipitation
  • 1.5.4.1 Precipitation Frequency
  • 1.5.4.2 Precipitation Amount
  • 1.5.5 Radiation
  • 1.5.5.1 Sunshine Duration
  • 1.5.5.2 Global Radiation
  • 1.5.6 Cloud Cover
  • 1.6ƒMarine and Coastal Ecosystems
  • 1.6.1 Ecological Habitats
  • 1.6.1.1 Wadden Sea
  • 1.6.1.2 Estuaries and Fjords
  • 1.6.1.3 Dogger Bank
  • 1.6.1.4 Helgoland, and the Shetland and Orkney Islands
  • 1.6.2 Ecosystem Dynamics.
  • 1.6.2.1 Communities, Food Webs and the Seasonal Cycle
  • 1.6.2.2 Impacts of Stratification and Mixing
  • 1.6.2.3 Carbon and Nutrient Cycles
  • 1.6.2.4 Production and Biomass
  • 1.6.3 Current Status and Threats
  • 1.6.3.1 Eutrophication
  • 1.6.3.2 Harmful Algal Blooms
  • 1.6.3.3 Offshore Oil and Gas
  • 1.6.3.4 Renewable Energy
  • 1.6.3.5 Fisheries
  • 1.6.3.6 Contaminants
  • 1.6.3.7 Tourism
  • 1.6.3.8 Ports
  • 1.6.3.9 Non-indigenous Species
  • 1.6.3.10 Climate Change
  • 1.7ƒTerrestrial Coastal Range Vegetation
  • 1.7.1 Natural Vegetation
  • 1.7.1.1 Salt Marshes
  • 1.7.1.2 Dunes
  • 1.7.1.3 Moors (Bogs)
  • 1.7.1.4 Tundra and Alpine Vegetation
  • 1.7.1.5 Forests
  • 1.7.2 Semi-natural Vegetation
  • 1.7.2.1 Heathlands
  • 1.7.2.2 Grasslands
  • 1.7.3 Agricultural Areas
  • 1.7.4 Artificial Surfaces
  • References
  • Recent Climate Change (Past 200 Years)
  • 2 Recent Change-Atmosphere
  • Abstract
  • 2.1ƒIntroduction
  • 2.2ƒLarge-Scale Circulation
  • 2.2.1 Circulation Over the North Sea Region in a Climatological Perspective
  • 2.2.2 NAO and AO
  • 2.2.3 Temporal and Spatial Changes in the NAO
  • 2.2.4 Other Modes of Variability
  • 2.2.5 Summary
  • 2.3ƒAtmospheric Pressure and Wind
  • 2.3.1 Atmospheric Circulation and Wind Since Around 1950
  • 2.3.1.1 North Sea Region
  • 2.3.1.2 Northern North Atlantic Region
  • 2.3.1.3 Southern North Atlantic Region
  • 2.3.2 Regional Variations in Pressure and Wind Since Around 1800
  • 2.3.2.1 North Atlantic and Iceland
  • 2.3.2.2 British Isles
  • 2.3.2.3 North Sea Region
  • 2.3.2.4 Northern Alps and Central Europe
  • 2.3.3 Trends in the 20th Century Reanalysis Since 1871
  • 2.3.4 Summary
  • 2.4ƒSurface Air Temperature
  • 2.4.1 Terrestrial Surface Air Temperature
  • 2.4.2 Number of Frost Days and Summer Days
  • 2.4.3 Night Marine Air Temperature
  • 2.4.4 Comparison of Land and Marine Air Temperatures
  • 2.4.5 Summary.
  • 2.5ƒPrecipitation
  • 2.5.1 Precipitation Over Land in the North Sea Region
  • 2.5.2 Precipitation Over the North Sea
  • 2.5.3 Summary
  • 2.6ƒRadiative Properties
  • 2.6.1 Clouds
  • 2.6.2 Solar Radiation
  • 2.6.3 Sunshine Duration
  • 2.6.4 Summary
  • 2.7ƒSummary and Open Questions
  • References
  • 3 Recent Change-North Sea
  • Abstract
  • 3.1ƒIntroduction
  • 3.2ƒTemperature, Salinity and Stratification
  • 3.2.1 Historical Perspective
  • 3.2.2 Temperature Variability and Trends
  • 3.2.2.1 Northeast Atlantic
  • 3.2.2.2 North Sea
  • 3.2.2.3 Regional Variations
  • 3.2.3 Salinity Variability and Trends
  • 3.2.3.1 Northeast Atlantic
  • 3.2.3.2 North Sea
  • 3.2.4 Stratification Variability and Trends
  • 3.3ƒCurrents and Circulation
  • 3.3.1 Historical Perspective
  • 3.3.2 Circulation: Variability and Trends
  • 3.4ƒMean Sea Level
  • 3.5ƒExtreme Sea Levels
  • 3.6ƒCarbon Dioxide, pH, and Nutrients
  • 3.6.1 Observed Responses to Variable External Forcing
  • 3.6.2 Model-Based Interannual Variations in Nitrogen Fluxes
  • 3.6.3 Ocean Acidification and Eutrophication
  • 3.6.4 Variability on Longer Time Scales
  • 3.7ƒOxygen
  • 3.8ƒSuspended Particulate Matter and Turbidity
  • 3.8.1 Sources in the North Sea
  • 3.8.2 Overall Distribution
  • 3.8.3 Tidal Influence
  • 3.8.4 Wave Effects
  • 3.8.5 Impact of Stratification
  • 3.8.6 Seasonal Variability
  • 3.8.7 Interannual and Long-Term Variability
  • 3.9ƒCoastal Erosion, Sedimentation and Morphology
  • 3.9.1 Historical Perspective
  • 3.9.2 Understanding Coastal Erosion: State, Variability and Trends
  • 3.9.3 Offshore Morphology
  • 3.9.3.1 History and Evidence
  • 3.9.3.2 Features
  • 3.9.3.3 Dynamics
  • 3.9.3.4 Evolution in Relation to Climate
  • 3.10ƒSea Ice
  • 3.11ƒWadden Sea
  • 3.11.1 Background
  • 3.11.2 Suspended Matter Dynamics
  • 3.11.3 Changes in Nutrient and Organic Matter Dynamics
  • 3.11.4 Contaminants.
  • 3.11.5 Relevance of Climate Change
  • 3.12ƒSummary
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 4 Recent Change-River Flow
  • Abstract
  • 4.1ƒIntroduction
  • 4.2ƒDetecting and Attributing Trends
  • 4.3ƒObserved Changes in Annual and Seasonal Flow
  • 4.3.1 River Rhine
  • 4.3.2 River Elbe
  • 4.3.3 River Meuse
  • 4.3.4 UK Rivers
  • 4.3.5 Scandinavian Rivers
  • 4.3.6 Inflow from the Baltic Sea
  • 4.4ƒObserved Changes in Peak Flow and Low Flow
  • 4.4.1 River Rhine
  • 4.4.2 River Elbe
  • 4.4.3 River Meuse
  • 4.4.4 UK Rivers
  • 4.4.5 Scandinavian Rivers
  • 4.5ƒConclusions
  • References
  • Future Climate Change
  • 5 Projected Change-Atmosphere
  • Abstract
  • 5.1ƒIntroduction
  • 5.2ƒLarge-Scale Circulation
  • 5.2.1 Prominent Climate Phenomena
  • 5.2.2 Modes of Interannual Variability
  • 5.2.3 Atmospheric Blocking
  • 5.2.4 Sea-Level Pressure
  • 5.2.5 Jet Stream
  • 5.2.6 Summary
  • 5.3ƒTemperature
  • 5.3.1 Global Mean Temperature
  • 5.3.2 Regional Mean Temperatures
  • 5.3.3 Temperature Extremes
  • 5.4ƒPrecipitation
  • 5.4.1 Mean Precipitation
  • 5.4.2 Precipitation Extremes
  • 5.5ƒCyclones and Winds
  • 5.5.1 Cyclones
  • 5.5.2 Mean Wind Speeds
  • 5.5.3 Wind Extremes
  • 5.5.4 Wind Direction
  • 5.6ƒRadiation and Clouds
  • 5.6.1 Solar Radiation
  • 5.6.2 Terrestrial Radiation
  • 5.6.3 Cloud Cover
  • 5.6.4 Summary
  • 5.7ƒConclusions
  • References
  • 6 Projected Change-North Sea
  • Abstract
  • 6.1ƒIntroduction
  • 6.2ƒSea Level, Storm Surges and Surface Waves
  • 6.2.1 Time-Mean Sea Level Change
  • 6.2.2 Range in Global Time-Mean Sea Level Changes
  • 6.2.3 High-End Estimates of Time-Mean Global Sea Level Change
  • 6.2.4 Time-Mean Sea Level Projections for Europe
  • 6.2.5 Future Changes in Extreme Sea Level
  • 6.2.6 Future Changes in Waves
  • 6.3ƒOcean Dynamics and Hydrography
  • 6.3.1 General Aspects and Methodology
  • 6.3.2 Changes in Temperature
  • 6.3.3 Changes in Salinity.
  • 6.3.4 Changes in Stratification
  • 6.3.5 Changes in Transport and Circulation
  • 6.4ƒPrimary Production, Ocean Biogeochemistry, Ocean Acidification
  • 6.4.1 Primary Production and Eutrophication
  • 6.4.2 Species Composition and Trophic Coupling
  • 6.4.3 Ocean Acidification
  • 6.5ƒConclusions and Recommendations
  • 6.5.1 Robustness and Uncertainties
  • 6.5.2 Future Challenges
  • References
  • 7 Projected Change-River Flow and Urban Drainage
  • Abstract
  • 7.1ƒIntroduction
  • 7.2ƒMethodology
  • 7.2.1 Temporal and Spatial Scales
  • 7.2.2 Analysis
  • 7.2.3 Scenarios
  • 7.3ƒProjections
  • 7.3.1 North Sea Region
  • 7.3.2 Sub-region or Country-Scale
  • 7.3.2.1 Belgium
  • 7.3.2.2 Northern France
  • 7.3.2.3 Germany
  • 7.3.2.4 Ireland
  • 7.3.2.5 Scandinavia
  • 7.3.2.6 UK
  • 7.3.2.7 Comment on Low Flows
  • 7.3.2.8 Estuaries
  • 7.3.2.9 Overview
  • 7.3.3 Urban Catchments
  • 7.4ƒConclusion
  • References
  • Impacts of Recent and Future Climate Change on Ecosystems
  • 8 Environmental Impacts-Marine Ecosystems
  • Abstract
  • 8.1ƒIntroduction
  • 8.2ƒPlankton
  • 8.2.1 Bottom-Up and Top-Down Control
  • 8.2.2 Climate and Changes in Phytoplankton Abundance and Phenology
  • 8.2.3 Climate Impacts on Biogeographic Boundaries and Biodiversity of Zooplankton
  • 8.2.4 Regime Shift in the North Sea Plankton Community
  • 8.2.5 Long-Term Changes in Zooplankton
  • 8.3ƒBenthos
  • 8.3.1 Spatial Patterns
  • 8.3.2 Climate-Driven Temporal Trends
  • 8.3.3 Climate Impacts on Intertidal Species on Rocky Shores
  • 8.3.4 Changes in Wadden Sea Intertidal Macrofauna Communities and Climate
  • 8.4ƒFish
  • 8.4.1 Long-Term Change in Fish Fauna
  • 8.4.2 Recent Effects of Climate Change on Fish
  • 8.4.3 Growth, Phenology and Behaviour
  • 8.4.4 Distribution
  • 8.4.5 Recruitment
  • 8.4.6 Prediction
  • 8.4.7 Climate and Fish Fauna in the Dutch Wadden Sea
  • 8.5ƒSeabirds.
  • 8.5.1 Trends in Number of Breeding Birds.

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