60 Years Of Cern Experiments And Discoveries.

• Superior document: Advanced Series On Directions In High Energy Physics ; v.23
• Author: Schopper, Herwig.
• TeilnehmendeR: Lella, Luigi Di.
• Place / Publishing House: Singapore : : World Scientific Publishing Company,, 2015.; ©2015.
• Year of Publication: 2015
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Advanced Series On Directions In High Energy Physics
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (450 pages)

Table of Contents

• Intro
• Contents
• Foreword
• Preface
• 1. The Discovery of the Higgs Boson at the LHC
• 1. Introduction
• 2. The ATLAS and CMS Experiments
• 2.1. The ATLAS detector
• 2.2. The CMS detector
• 2.3. Installation and commissioning
• 3. Trigger, Computing, and Early Operation
• 3.1. Trigger and computing
• 3.2. Standard model measurements to demonstrate the performance
• 4. The Standard Model Higgs Boson and the LHC
• 4.1. Discovery and properties of the Higgs boson
• 4.2. Results from the 2011 and partial 2012 datasets
• 4.2.1. The H γγ decay mode
• 4.2.2. The H ZZ 4l decay mode
• 4.2.3. Combining the results
• 4.3. Results from the full 2011 and 2012 data set
• 4.3.1. Decays to bosons: The H γγ, the H ZZ 4l and H WW 2l2ν decay modes
• 4.3.2. Decays to fermions: The H ττ and the H bb decay modes
• 4.4. The ATLAS and CMS combinations of results from Run 1
• 4.4.1. The mass of the Higgs boson
• 4.4.2. Significance of the observed excess
• 4.4.3. Compatibility of the observed state with the SM Higgs boson hypothesis: Signal strength
• 4.4.4. Couplings of the Higgs boson
• 4.4.5. Spinandparity
• 5. Conclusions and Outlook
• Acknowledgments
• References
• 2. Precision Physics with Heavy-Flavoured Hadrons
• 1. Introduction
• 2. An Historical Perspective
• 2.1. The origin of the Kobayashi-Maskawa mechanism
• 2.2. The rise of B physics
• 2.3. The LHC era
• 3. The CKM Matrix
• 3.1. Definition
• 3.2. Standard parametrisation
• 3.3. Wolfenstein parametrisation
• 3.4. The unitarity triangle
• 3.5. Phenomenology of CP violation
• 3.6. Experimental determination of the unitarity triangle
• 4. Overview of Beauty Physics at the LHC
• 4.1. CP violation
• 4.2. Rare electroweak decays
• 4.3. Observation of the B0s μ+μτ̔̈2212; decay
• 5. Conclusions
• References.
• 3. Toward the Limits of Matter: Ultra-relativistic Nuclear Collisions at CERN
• 1. Strongly Interacting Matter
• 2. QCD Matter Research: Gaining Confidence
• 3. Hot QCD Matter Research at CERN
• 3.1. The acceleration of heavy nuclei at CERN
• 3.2. The CERN SPS experiments and their physics
• 4. Results at the Millenium
• 4.1. Fireball energy density
• 4.2. Fireball temperature
• 4.3. Hadrons form at T = 160 ± 10 MeV: Close to lattice QCD prediction
• 4.4. Strange baryon and antibaryon production is enhanced
• 4.5. Charmonium (J/Ψ) suppression reveals QCD plasma formation
• 4.6. QCD chiral symmetry restoration: Hadrons melt near Tc
• 4.7. The fireball matter exhibits collective hydrodynamic flow
• 4.8. Summary of SPS results and interlude at RHIC
• 5. Heavy Ion Physics at the LHC
• 5.1. Hadron formation
• 5.2. Elliptic flow
• 5.3. Jet quenching
• 5.4. Quarkonium suppression
• 5.5. Discoveries
• 6. Conclusions
• References
• 4. The Measurement of the Number of Light Neutrino Species at LEP
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Theoretical Principles
• 2.1. The width of the Z boson
• 2.2. Experimental observables
• 2.3. Sensitivity to Nν
• 3. Experimental Measurement
• 3.1. Detection of Z-boson decays
• 3.2. Data sample
• 3.3. Measurement of cross-sections and asymmetries
• 3.4. Measurement of luminosity
• 3.5. Results
• 4. Direct Measurement of Nν
• 5. Conclusions
• References
• 5. Precision Experiments at LEP
• 1. Introduction
• 2. The Electron-Positron Colliders
• 3. The Four LEP Detectors
• 4. Quantum Corrections to the W and Z Boson Masses
• 5. SM Cross-Sections, Asymmetries and Branching Ratios
• 6. LEP I Electroweak Results
• 7. Constraints on the SM
• 7.1. Constraints on the SM after the Higgs discovery
• 8. LEP II Electroweak Results
• 9. QCD Results
• 9.1. The gluon self-interaction.
• 9.2. Running of the b quark mass
• 9.3. Determination of the strong coupling constant
• 10. Gauge Coupling Unification
• 11. Summary
• Acknowledgments
• References
• 6. The Discovery of the W and Z Particles
• 1. Introduction
• 2. The CERN Proton-Antiproton Collider
• 3. The Experiments
• 3.1. The UA1 experiment
• 3.2. The UA2 detector
• 4. The Discovery of the W and Z Bosons
• 4.1. Discovery of the W boson
• 4.2. Discovery of the Z boson
• 5. Physics Results from Subsequent Collider Runs
• 5.1. W and Z masses and production cross-sections
• 5.2. Charge asymmetry in the decay W e ν
• 5.3. A test of QCD: The W boson transverse momentum
• 5.4. Hadronic decays of the W and Z bosons
• 5.5. Precision measurement of the W to Z mass ratio
• 6. Conclusions
• References
• 7. The Discovery of Weak Neutral Currents
• 1. Preface
• 2. The Beginning of High Energy Neutrino Physics at CERN
• 2.1. Status of weak interactions at the end of the 1950s
• 2.2. The first neutrino experiment at CERN
• 2.3. Early searches for weak neutral currents
• 3. The Discovery of Weak Neutral Currents
• 3.1. The bubble chamber Gargamelle
• 3.2. The challenge
• 3.3. Status in March 1973
• 3.4. The neutron background
• 3.5. The hot autumn
• 3.6. The proton experiment
• 3.7. Confirmations
• 3.8. Conclusion
• Acknowledgments
• References
• 8. Highlights from High Energy Neutrino Experiments at CERN
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Early Gargamelle Results on the Quark Parton Model
• 3. Neutrino Beams and Experiments
• 4. Nuclear Structure and Quark Parton Model
• 5. Electroweak Measurements
• 5.1. Weak mixing angle
• 5.2. Charm production and GIM mechanism
• 6. QCD and Structure Functions
• 7. Epilogue
• References
• 9. The Discovery of Direct CP Violation
• 1. Introduction
• 1.1. The early days of CP violation
• 1.2. Basic phenomenology.
• 1.3. Experimental situation on / in the 80s-90s
• 1.4. The main challenges in the measurement of /
• 2. First Generation: The NA31 Beams and Detectors
• 2.1. The K0L and K0S beams
• 2.2. The NA31 experimental layout
• 2.3. Measuring the neutral decays: Liquid argon calorimeter
• 2.4. Measuring the charged mode
• 2.5. Trigger, online background rejection and data acquisition
• 3. The NA31 Analysis and Result
• 3.1. Analysis
• 3.2. The NA31 results
• 3.3. Phase measurement
• 4. The Second Generation: The NA48 Beams and Detectors
• 4.1. The NA48 beams
• 4.2. The tagger
• 4.3. The liquid Krypton calorimeter
• 4.4. The spectrometer
• 4.5. The NA48 trigger and data acquisition systems
• 4.6. The NA48 analysis
• 4.6.1. The neutral decays
• 4.6.2. The charged decays
• 4.6.3. Corrections: Tagging inefficiency and dilution
• 4.6.4. Corrections: Beam activity, scattering and acceptance
• 4.7. NA48 results
• 5. Concluding Remarks
• 5.1. The world average of /
• 5.2. CP violation in kaons: A portal to heavy meson systems
• 5.3. CP violation in kaons: A portal for theory
• 5.4. The legacy of CERN kaon experiments
• Acknowledgments
• References
• 10. Measurements of Discrete Symmetries in the Neutral Kaon System with the CPLEAR (PS195) Experiment
• 1. The Low Energy Antiproton Ring
• 2. The CPLEAR Experimental Method
• 3. The CPLEAR Detector
• 4. Phenomenology of the Neutral Kaon System
• 4.1. Time evolution
• 4.2. Discrete symmetries
• 4.3. Measurementof CP violation in the decay to π+πτ̔̈2212;
• 4.4. Direct measurements of the T and CPT violation parameters
• 4.5. T and CPT parameters constrained by the unitarity relation
• 4.6. Measurements related to basic principles
• 4.6.1. Probing a possible loss of QM coherence
• 4.6.2. Testing the non-separability of the K0K0 wave function.
• 4.6.3. Test of the equivalence principle for particles and antiparticles
• 5. Conclusion
• References
• 11. An ISR Discovery: The Rise of the Proton-Proton Cross-Section
• 1. Hadron-Hadron Cross-Sections at the Beginning of the 1970s
• 2. The Theoretical Framework
• 3. Three ISR Proposals
• 4. First Results on Elastic Scattering and Total Cross-Sections
• 5. Second-Generation Experiments
• 6. Overlap Integrals in the ISR Energy Range
• 7. The ISR "Small-Angle Physics" Seen from Higher Energies
• 8. Concluding Remarks
• References
• 12. Deep Inelastic Scattering with the SPS Muon Beam
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Beam and Detectors
• 2.1. Early detectors
• 2.2. TheCOMPASSdetector
• 2.3. The COMPASS polarised target
• 3. Unpolarised Nucleon Structure Functions
• 3.1. Cross-section and structure functions
• 3.2. Scaling violations
• 3.3. Tests of perturbative QCD
• 3.4. Measurement of the strong coupling constant
• 4. Nucleon Spin and Polarised Deep Inelastic Scattering
• 4.1. Longitudinal spin
• 4.2. Experimental method of the CERN experiments
• 4.3. Experimental results
• 4.3.1. Sumrules
• 4.3.2. Structure functions and quark helicity distributions
• 4.3.3. Gluon helicity distributions
• 4.3.4. Global QCD analyses
• 4.4. Transverse spin
• 4.4.1. Transversity
• 4.4.2. Transverse-momentum-dependent parton distributions
• 4.4.3. Generalised parton distributions
• 5. Conclusions
• References
• 13. Revealing Partons in Hadrons: From the ISR to the SPS Collider
• 1. Preamble
• 2. The ISR as a Gluon Collider
• 2.1. Introduction
• 2.2. The main milestones
• 2.3. What about the ISR?
• 2.4. Large transverse momentum: Inclusive production data
• 2.5. Event structure and jets
• 2.6. Direct photons
• 2.7. The ISR legacy
• 3. Jets at the SPS Collider
• 3.1. Introduction
• 3.2. Evidence for jet production.
• 3.3. Theoretical interpretation.