60 Years Of Cern Experiments And Discoveries.
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Superior document: | Advanced Series On Directions In High Energy Physics ; v.23 |
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TeilnehmendeR: | |
Place / Publishing House: | Singapore : : World Scientific Publishing Company,, 2015. ©2015. |
Year of Publication: | 2015 |
Edition: | 1st ed. |
Language: | English |
Series: | Advanced Series On Directions In High Energy Physics
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Online Access: | |
Physical Description: | 1 online resource (450 pages) |
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Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Contents
- Foreword
- Preface
- 1. The Discovery of the Higgs Boson at the LHC
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The ATLAS and CMS Experiments
- 2.1. The ATLAS detector
- 2.2. The CMS detector
- 2.3. Installation and commissioning
- 3. Trigger, Computing, and Early Operation
- 3.1. Trigger and computing
- 3.2. Standard model measurements to demonstrate the performance
- 4. The Standard Model Higgs Boson and the LHC
- 4.1. Discovery and properties of the Higgs boson
- 4.2. Results from the 2011 and partial 2012 datasets
- 4.2.1. The H γγ decay mode
- 4.2.2. The H ZZ 4l decay mode
- 4.2.3. Combining the results
- 4.3. Results from the full 2011 and 2012 data set
- 4.3.1. Decays to bosons: The H γγ, the H ZZ 4l and H WW 2l2ν decay modes
- 4.3.2. Decays to fermions: The H ττ and the H bb decay modes
- 4.4. The ATLAS and CMS combinations of results from Run 1
- 4.4.1. The mass of the Higgs boson
- 4.4.2. Significance of the observed excess
- 4.4.3. Compatibility of the observed state with the SM Higgs boson hypothesis: Signal strength
- 4.4.4. Couplings of the Higgs boson
- 4.4.5. Spinandparity
- 5. Conclusions and Outlook
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 2. Precision Physics with Heavy-Flavoured Hadrons
- 1. Introduction
- 2. An Historical Perspective
- 2.1. The origin of the Kobayashi-Maskawa mechanism
- 2.2. The rise of B physics
- 2.3. The LHC era
- 3. The CKM Matrix
- 3.1. Definition
- 3.2. Standard parametrisation
- 3.3. Wolfenstein parametrisation
- 3.4. The unitarity triangle
- 3.5. Phenomenology of CP violation
- 3.6. Experimental determination of the unitarity triangle
- 4. Overview of Beauty Physics at the LHC
- 4.1. CP violation
- 4.2. Rare electroweak decays
- 4.3. Observation of the B0s μ+μτ̔̈2212; decay
- 5. Conclusions
- References.
- 3. Toward the Limits of Matter: Ultra-relativistic Nuclear Collisions at CERN
- 1. Strongly Interacting Matter
- 2. QCD Matter Research: Gaining Confidence
- 3. Hot QCD Matter Research at CERN
- 3.1. The acceleration of heavy nuclei at CERN
- 3.2. The CERN SPS experiments and their physics
- 4. Results at the Millenium
- 4.1. Fireball energy density
- 4.2. Fireball temperature
- 4.3. Hadrons form at T = 160 ± 10 MeV: Close to lattice QCD prediction
- 4.4. Strange baryon and antibaryon production is enhanced
- 4.5. Charmonium (J/Ψ) suppression reveals QCD plasma formation
- 4.6. QCD chiral symmetry restoration: Hadrons melt near Tc
- 4.7. The fireball matter exhibits collective hydrodynamic flow
- 4.8. Summary of SPS results and interlude at RHIC
- 5. Heavy Ion Physics at the LHC
- 5.1. Hadron formation
- 5.2. Elliptic flow
- 5.3. Jet quenching
- 5.4. Quarkonium suppression
- 5.5. Discoveries
- 6. Conclusions
- References
- 4. The Measurement of the Number of Light Neutrino Species at LEP
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Theoretical Principles
- 2.1. The width of the Z boson
- 2.2. Experimental observables
- 2.3. Sensitivity to Nν
- 3. Experimental Measurement
- 3.1. Detection of Z-boson decays
- 3.2. Data sample
- 3.3. Measurement of cross-sections and asymmetries
- 3.4. Measurement of luminosity
- 3.5. Results
- 4. Direct Measurement of Nν
- 5. Conclusions
- References
- 5. Precision Experiments at LEP
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The Electron-Positron Colliders
- 3. The Four LEP Detectors
- 4. Quantum Corrections to the W and Z Boson Masses
- 5. SM Cross-Sections, Asymmetries and Branching Ratios
- 6. LEP I Electroweak Results
- 7. Constraints on the SM
- 7.1. Constraints on the SM after the Higgs discovery
- 8. LEP II Electroweak Results
- 9. QCD Results
- 9.1. The gluon self-interaction.
- 9.2. Running of the b quark mass
- 9.3. Determination of the strong coupling constant
- 10. Gauge Coupling Unification
- 11. Summary
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 6. The Discovery of the W and Z Particles
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The CERN Proton-Antiproton Collider
- 3. The Experiments
- 3.1. The UA1 experiment
- 3.2. The UA2 detector
- 4. The Discovery of the W and Z Bosons
- 4.1. Discovery of the W boson
- 4.2. Discovery of the Z boson
- 5. Physics Results from Subsequent Collider Runs
- 5.1. W and Z masses and production cross-sections
- 5.2. Charge asymmetry in the decay W e ν
- 5.3. A test of QCD: The W boson transverse momentum
- 5.4. Hadronic decays of the W and Z bosons
- 5.5. Precision measurement of the W to Z mass ratio
- 6. Conclusions
- References
- 7. The Discovery of Weak Neutral Currents
- 1. Preface
- 2. The Beginning of High Energy Neutrino Physics at CERN
- 2.1. Status of weak interactions at the end of the 1950s
- 2.2. The first neutrino experiment at CERN
- 2.3. Early searches for weak neutral currents
- 3. The Discovery of Weak Neutral Currents
- 3.1. The bubble chamber Gargamelle
- 3.2. The challenge
- 3.3. Status in March 1973
- 3.4. The neutron background
- 3.5. The hot autumn
- 3.6. The proton experiment
- 3.7. Confirmations
- 3.8. Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 8. Highlights from High Energy Neutrino Experiments at CERN
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Early Gargamelle Results on the Quark Parton Model
- 3. Neutrino Beams and Experiments
- 4. Nuclear Structure and Quark Parton Model
- 5. Electroweak Measurements
- 5.1. Weak mixing angle
- 5.2. Charm production and GIM mechanism
- 6. QCD and Structure Functions
- 7. Epilogue
- References
- 9. The Discovery of Direct CP Violation
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. The early days of CP violation
- 1.2. Basic phenomenology.
- 1.3. Experimental situation on / in the 80s-90s
- 1.4. The main challenges in the measurement of /
- 2. First Generation: The NA31 Beams and Detectors
- 2.1. The K0L and K0S beams
- 2.2. The NA31 experimental layout
- 2.3. Measuring the neutral decays: Liquid argon calorimeter
- 2.4. Measuring the charged mode
- 2.5. Trigger, online background rejection and data acquisition
- 3. The NA31 Analysis and Result
- 3.1. Analysis
- 3.2. The NA31 results
- 3.3. Phase measurement
- 4. The Second Generation: The NA48 Beams and Detectors
- 4.1. The NA48 beams
- 4.2. The tagger
- 4.3. The liquid Krypton calorimeter
- 4.4. The spectrometer
- 4.5. The NA48 trigger and data acquisition systems
- 4.6. The NA48 analysis
- 4.6.1. The neutral decays
- 4.6.2. The charged decays
- 4.6.3. Corrections: Tagging inefficiency and dilution
- 4.6.4. Corrections: Beam activity, scattering and acceptance
- 4.7. NA48 results
- 5. Concluding Remarks
- 5.1. The world average of /
- 5.2. CP violation in kaons: A portal to heavy meson systems
- 5.3. CP violation in kaons: A portal for theory
- 5.4. The legacy of CERN kaon experiments
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 10. Measurements of Discrete Symmetries in the Neutral Kaon System with the CPLEAR (PS195) Experiment
- 1. The Low Energy Antiproton Ring
- 2. The CPLEAR Experimental Method
- 3. The CPLEAR Detector
- 4. Phenomenology of the Neutral Kaon System
- 4.1. Time evolution
- 4.2. Discrete symmetries
- 4.3. Measurementof CP violation in the decay to π+πτ̔̈2212;
- 4.4. Direct measurements of the T and CPT violation parameters
- 4.5. T and CPT parameters constrained by the unitarity relation
- 4.6. Measurements related to basic principles
- 4.6.1. Probing a possible loss of QM coherence
- 4.6.2. Testing the non-separability of the K0K0 wave function.
- 4.6.3. Test of the equivalence principle for particles and antiparticles
- 5. Conclusion
- References
- 11. An ISR Discovery: The Rise of the Proton-Proton Cross-Section
- 1. Hadron-Hadron Cross-Sections at the Beginning of the 1970s
- 2. The Theoretical Framework
- 3. Three ISR Proposals
- 4. First Results on Elastic Scattering and Total Cross-Sections
- 5. Second-Generation Experiments
- 6. Overlap Integrals in the ISR Energy Range
- 7. The ISR "Small-Angle Physics" Seen from Higher Energies
- 8. Concluding Remarks
- References
- 12. Deep Inelastic Scattering with the SPS Muon Beam
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Beam and Detectors
- 2.1. Early detectors
- 2.2. TheCOMPASSdetector
- 2.3. The COMPASS polarised target
- 3. Unpolarised Nucleon Structure Functions
- 3.1. Cross-section and structure functions
- 3.2. Scaling violations
- 3.3. Tests of perturbative QCD
- 3.4. Measurement of the strong coupling constant
- 4. Nucleon Spin and Polarised Deep Inelastic Scattering
- 4.1. Longitudinal spin
- 4.2. Experimental method of the CERN experiments
- 4.3. Experimental results
- 4.3.1. Sumrules
- 4.3.2. Structure functions and quark helicity distributions
- 4.3.3. Gluon helicity distributions
- 4.3.4. Global QCD analyses
- 4.4. Transverse spin
- 4.4.1. Transversity
- 4.4.2. Transverse-momentum-dependent parton distributions
- 4.4.3. Generalised parton distributions
- 5. Conclusions
- References
- 13. Revealing Partons in Hadrons: From the ISR to the SPS Collider
- 1. Preamble
- 2. The ISR as a Gluon Collider
- 2.1. Introduction
- 2.2. The main milestones
- 2.3. What about the ISR?
- 2.4. Large transverse momentum: Inclusive production data
- 2.5. Event structure and jets
- 2.6. Direct photons
- 2.7. The ISR legacy
- 3. Jets at the SPS Collider
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Evidence for jet production.
- 3.3. Theoretical interpretation.