The Challenge of Chance : : A Multidisciplinary Approach from Science and the Humanities.
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Superior document: | The Frontiers Collection |
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TeilnehmendeR: | |
Place / Publishing House: | Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2016. ©2016. |
Year of Publication: | 2016 |
Edition: | 1st ed. |
Language: | English |
Series: | The Frontiers Collection
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Online Access: | |
Physical Description: | 1 online resource (274 pages) |
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Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Contents
- About the Editors
- 1 Introduction
- Abstract
- 1 Contents of This Book: Addressing the Challenge
- 2 A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Chance
- Acknowledgement
- 2 Conceptual and Historical Reflections on Chance (and Related Concepts)
- Abstract
- 1 Etymological Prelude
- 1.1 Dice and Other Falling Objects
- 1.2 Fortuna, Wheels and the Lottery
- 1.3 Randomness and Reckoning with Fortune
- 2 History
- 2.1 Greek Origins
- 2.2 Aristotle
- 2.3 The Ancient Atomists
- 2.4 On Divination and Providence
- 2.5 Boethius
- 2.6 Late Medieval Views on Chance
- 2.7 Chance, Necessity and Design in a Mechanistic Universe
- 2.8 Hume's Critique of the Argument from Design
- 2.9 From Natural History to Darwinism
- 2.10 Laplace's Determinism, Statistical Regularity and the New Physical Randomness
- 3 A Conclusion ex negativo
- References
- The Mathematical Foundations of Randomness
- 1 Introduction
- 2 What Is Randomness?
- 3 Can Randomness Be Defined?
- 4 Computability Theory
- 5 Kolmogorov Complexity
- 6 Martin-Löf Randomness
- 7 Martingales
- 8 Randomness and Provability
- 9 Other Notions of Randomness
- 10 Pseudorandom Number Generators and Complexity Theory
- 11 Applications
- References
- 4 Randomness and the Madness of Crowds
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Super-Humans Against Nature and the Rationality Assumption
- 2.1 A Single Random Event
- 2.2 Repeated Random Events
- 2.3 Risk Preferences
- 3 Super-Humans Against Super-Humans
- 4 Humans Against Humans
- 4.1 Bounded Rationality
- 4.2 Beliefs
- 4.3 Speculation
- 5 The Madness of Crowds
- 5.1 Luck Versus Skill
- 5.2 No Free Lunch \varvec{\ne} the Price Is Right
- 5.3 From Mispricing to Madness
- 6 Conclusion
- References
- 5 Randomness and the Games of Science
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Randomness in Science.
- 3 The Likelihood of Irreproducible Research
- 4 The Dialogue with the Critic
- 5 Publishing
- 6 Speaking About Uncertainty
- References
- 6 The Fine-Tuning Argument: Exploring the Improbability of Our Existence
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Evidence for Fine-Tuning
- 3 General Arguments
- 4 Critiquing the Inference of Design from Fine-Tuning
- 5 Critiquing the Inference of a Multiverse from Fine-Tuning
- 6 Conclusion
- Acknowledgement
- References
- 7 Chance in the Hebrew Bible: Views in Job and Genesis 1
- Abstract
- 1 The Prologue of the Book of Job: Chance as a Wager
- 2 Dialogue in the Book of Job: Chance as Proof of Moral Balance
- 3 God's Answer "Out of the Whirlwind"
- 4 Chance in the Book of Job
- 5 From Narrative to Philosophy
- 6 From Philosophy Back to Narrative: Genesis 1
- 7 Worldview in the Hebrew Bible
- 8 Genesis 1:1-3
- 9 The Framework of Non-Linearity in Genesis 1
- 10 The Non-linear Arrangement in Genesis 1 and the Concept of Chance
- 11 Conclusion: Views on Chance in Job and Genesis 1
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 8 Happiness and Invulnerability from Chance: Western and Eastern Perspectives
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Ancient Greek Philosophy as a Way of Life: The Pursuit of Happiness
- 3 Immunising Against Luck: Ancient Greek Approaches
- 4 A Christian Perspective: The Myth of the Fall
- 5 The Asian Buddhist Perspective: Karma Rather than (Bad) Luck
- 6 Protection Against Luck: West and East
- References
- 9 The Experience of Coincidence: An Integrated Psychological and Neurocognitive Perspective
- Abstract
- 1 Prelude
- 2 Introduction
- 3 The Psychology of Coincidence
- 3.1 Cognitive Biases and Predictive Models
- 3.2 Context and Model Adjustment
- 3.3 Individual Differences and Precision
- 4 Predictive Coding and Coincidence
- 5 Conclusions
- References.
- 10 When Chance Strikes: Random Mutational Events as a Cause of Birth Defects and Cancer
- Abstract
- 1 Fascination
- 2 Divinity and Sorcery
- 3 Maternal Impressions
- 4 Infections and Teratogens
- 5 Inherited Factors
- 6 De Novo Mutations in Human Genetic Disease
- 7 The Randomness of Mutations
- 8 Why Mutations Happen
- 9 Can We Prevent Mutations?
- 10 Accepting Risks
- 11 Are Mutations a Necessary Part of Our Existence?
- 12 Conclusion
- References
- 11 Chance, Variation and the Nature of Causality in Ecological Communities
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction: The Fascinating Complexity of Ecosystems
- 2 Example 1: Explaining the Maintenance of Species Diversity
- 2.1 Coexistence Theory: Species Differ in Niches
- 2.2 Natural Enemies as Niche-Axes: The Janzen-Connell Hypothesis
- 2.3 Coexistence Through Intransitive Competition and Rock-Paper-Scissor Games
- 2.4 Tests with Bacterial Communities: Rock-Paper-Scissor Dynamics Is not Enough for Stable Coexistence
- 2.5 Global Stability in Hyper-Diverse Plant Communities Consistent with Local Rock-Paper-Scissor Dynamics
- 2.6 Global Stability Through Neutral Dynamics if Species Are Demographically Equal
- 2.7 Coexistence Mechanisms May Result in Unpredictable Dynamics
- 2.8 Conclusion: The Interplay Between Scale-Dependent Predictable and Unpredictable Patterns in Community Dynamics
- 3 Example 2: Understanding Species Population Trends
- 3.1 Species Survive in Metapopulations with a High Incidence of Chance Effects
- 3.2 Farmland Birds: Understanding Population Trends
- 3.3 Mastering Chance Effects at Local Scale to Explain Global Trends
- 3.4 Understanding Causality: A Comparison with Epidemiology
- 4 Epilogue
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 12 The Size of History: Coincidence, Counterfactuality and Questions of Scale in History
- Abstract.
- 1 Introduction: Coincidence and Comparisons
- 2 Contingency, Causality and Counterfactuality
- 3 Coincidence and the Construction of a Clear Course of History
- 4 Coincidence, Big History and Accidental Cause
- 5 Coincidence and Cliodynamics
- 6 Coincidence as an Interpretative Tool?
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 13 Accidental Harm Under (Roman) Civil Law
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Sources of Obligation Under Roman and Modern Law
- 3 Accidental Harm Under Roman Tort Law and Subsequent Criticism
- 4 Accidental Harm Under Roman Contract Law
- 5 Accidental Harm in the Case of Negotiorum Gestio
- 6 Other Meanings of 'Casus' in the Roman Sources
- 7 Brief Interlude: 'Casus' Under Roman Criminal Law
- 8 Accidental Harm Under Modern Private Law
- 9 Concluding Observations
- References
- 14 Taming Chaos. Chance and Variability in the Language Sciences
- Abstract
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The Field
- 3 Linguistic Typology: Chance and Variability in the Constitution of Languages
- 3.1 L'arbitraire du signe
- 3.2 Iconicity
- 3.3 Dependencies
- 4 Variationist Linguistics: Chance in Production and Perception
- 5 Chance: Conundrum or Inherent Property?
- References
- Biographies
- Titles in this Series.