High Mountain Conservation in a Changing World.
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| Superior document: | Advances in Global Change Research Series ; v.62 |
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| : | |
| TeilnehmendeR: | |
| Place / Publishing House: | Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2017. ©2017. |
| Year of Publication: | 2017 |
| Edition: | 1st ed. |
| Language: | English |
| Series: | Advances in Global Change Research Series
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| Online Access: | |
| Physical Description: | 1 online resource (413 pages) |
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Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Preface
- Contents
- Contributors
- Current Challenges of High Mountain Conservation
- 1 The High Mountain Conservation in a Changing World
- Abstract
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.1.1 Conservation in a Changing World
- 1.1.2 Vulnerability, Exposure, and Sensitivity
- 1.2 Mountain Exposure to Global Changes
- 1.2.1 Climate Change
- 1.2.2 Atmospheric Contaminants
- 1.2.3 Long-Distance Atmospheric Fertilization
- 1.2.4 Biotic Dispersal Enhancement
- 1.3 Mountain Exposure to Regional Changes
- 1.3.1 Pasture Shifting Systems
- 1.3.2 Conservation Versus Extraction
- 1.3.3 Tourism and Sport Pressures
- 1.4 High Mountain Idiosyncratic Sensitivity
- 1.4.1 Temperature Versus Water
- 1.4.2 Persistence Versus Migration
- 1.4.3 Regional Fingerprints
- 1.5 Conservation Synergies and Challenges
- 1.5.1 Conservation Versus Stewardship (Franciscans Vs. Benedictines)
- 1.5.2 Loss of Uniqueness
- 1.5.3 Functional Versus Phylogenetic Conservation
- 1.5.4 Size Matters
- 1.5.5 Local Contribution to Global Ecological Services
- 1.5.6 Conservation Beyond Conservation
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 2 Trade-offs in High Mountain Conservation
- Abstract
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Distinctive Features of Conservation in High Mountain Ecosystems
- 2.3 Conservation, Vulnerability and Trade-offs
- 2.4 Conservation Management of Exposure and Sensitivity in High Mountains
- 2.5 Managing Conflicting Goals
- 2.6 Complex/Interacting Controls of Trade-offs
- 2.7 General Concluding Remarks
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Developing a Historical Perspective of the High Mountain Social-Ecological System
- 3 Molecular Biogeography of the High Mountain Systems of Europe: An Overview
- Abstract
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Different Genetic Lineages Within High Mountain Systems
- 3.3 Genetic Links Between High Mountain Systems.
- 3.4 Arctic-Alpine Disjunction
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 4 The Beginning of High Mountain Occupations in the Pyrenees. Human Settlements and Mobility from 18,000 cal BC to 2000 cal BC
- Abstract
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 The Start of Modern History: The Population of the Pyrenees in the Late Pleistocene and the First Half of the Holocene
- 4.2.1 Human Presence in the Valleys in the Late Pleistocene
- 4.2.2 Initial Occupation of the High Zones in the Early Holocene
- 4.3 The Arrival of the Neolithic: The Pyrenees as Farming Land
- 4.3.1 The First Neolithic Occupations in the Pyrenees
- 4.3.2 Approaching the Heights in the Late Neolithic
- 4.4 Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 5 The Role of Environmental Geohistory in High-Mountain Landscape Conservation
- Abstract
- 5.1 Palaeoenvironment, Biodiversity and Protected Areas
- 5.1.1 Baseline and Range of Natural Variability
- 5.1.2 Thresholds and Ecological Resilience and Persistence
- 5.1.3 Why Environmental Geohistory and Not Only Environmental History?
- 5.2 Examples of Environmental Geohistory in the Pyrenees
- 5.2.1 The Baseline and Range of Natural Variability of Abies Alba Mill
- 5.2.2 Are Baseline and Range of Natural Variability Appropriate Concepts for Secondary Communities?
- 5.2.3 How Should Open Spaces Cleared for Human Activities Be Managed When They Have a Semi-natural Function?
- 5.2.4 From the Late Roman to the Medieval Age Was Born the Open Landscape: Threshold Forestry Without Turning Back?
- 5.2.5 Local Environments Appear to Have no Resilience!
- 5.3 Final Considerations
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 6 The Multiple Factors Explaining Decline in Mountain Forests: Historical Logging and Warming-Related Drought Stress is Causing Silver-Fir Dieback in the Aragón Pyrenees
- Abstract
- 6.1 Introduction.
- 6.1.1 Geographical and Climatic Backgrounds
- 6.1.2 Field Sampling
- 6.1.3 Tree-Ring Data
- 6.1.4 Climate-Growth Analyses
- 6.2 Warmer Climate Conditions and the 1980s Peak in Water Deficit
- 6.3 Structural Features of Silver-Fir Stands Presenting Dieback: Low Growth Rates
- 6.4 Growth Trends of Silver Fir Indicate that Dieback is Predisposed by Past Logging
- 6.5 Climate-Growth Associations: The Critical Role Played by Late-Summer Water Deficit
- 6.6 Lessons for Forest Use and Conservation
- References
- Emerging Values in Mountain Conservation
- 7 Towards a Microbial Conservation Perspective in High Mountain Lakes
- Abstract
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 A Biodiversity Unit for the Microbial World
- 7.3 A Natural History Perspective for Microorganisms in High Mountain Lakes
- 7.3.1 Bacteria
- 7.3.2 Archaea
- 7.3.3 Protists and Fungi
- 7.4 Towards a Microbial Conservation Perspective in High Mountain Lakes
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 8 Why Should We Preserve Fishless High Mountain Lakes?
- Abstract
- 8.1 Introduced Species, a Global Threat to Freshwater Ecosystems
- 8.2 The Process of Species Introductions in the Alps
- 8.3 The Process of Species Introductions in the Pyrenees
- 8.3.1 Trout Introductions
- 8.3.2 Collateral Introductions
- 8.4 Ecological Consequences
- 8.5 A Serious Problem for Conservation
- 8.6 Conservation and Restoration, What Has Been Done so Far?
- 8.6.1 Protection Measures
- 8.6.2 Restoration Projects: Techniques Used and Successful Cases
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 9 Are Soil Carbon Stocks in Mountain Grasslands Compromised by Land-Use Changes?
- Abstract
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Mountain Soils and Their C Stocks
- 9.3 Factors Controlling Soil Organic C Stocks in Mountain Grasslands
- 9.3.1 Bedrock Type
- 9.3.2 Climate
- 9.3.3 Plant Community Composition.
- 9.4 Effects of Land-Use and Management Changes on Soil C Dynamics and Stocks
- 9.4.1 Grazing Intensification
- 9.4.2 Grazing Abandonment
- 9.4.3 Soil C Stocks in Grazed and Ungrazed Mountain Grasslands
- 9.4.4 Effects of Shrub Encroachment on Soil C Dynamics and Stocks
- 9.4.4.1 Litter Inputs
- 9.4.4.2 Microclimate
- 9.4.4.3 Biochemical Quality and Microbial Activity
- 9.4.4.4 Soil C Stocks in Shrub-Encroached Grasslands
- 9.4.4.5 Shrubland Management and Soil C Stocks
- 9.5 Conclusions and Further Research Needs
- Acknowledgements
- References
- 10 The Importance of Reintroducing Large Carnivores: The Brown Bear in the Pyrenees
- Abstract
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 The Benefits of Large Predators
- 10.3 Impacts on Preys
- 10.4 Impact on Mesopredators
- 10.5 Others Impacts on Ecosystems
- 10.6 What Happens When Large Predators Disappear?
- 10.7 The Situation of the Brown Bear, Wolf and European Lynx in the Pyrenees
- 10.8 Problems Generated by the Presence of the Brown Bear and Wolf in Catalonia and the Pyrenees
- 10.9 Damage to Livestock and Beehives
- 10.10 Protective Measures Implemented in Catalonia
- 10.11 Encounters Between Humans and Large Carnivores
- 10.12 Potential Economic Benefits Generated by the Presence of Large Carnivores
- 10.12.1 Hunting Tourism
- 10.12.2 Nature Tourism
- 10.13 Do the Pyrenees Have Enough Room and the Right Habitats for Large Predators?
- 10.14 Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Global Change and High Mountain Conservation
- 11 Life-History Responses to the Altitudinal Gradient
- Abstract
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Environmental Variation in Elevation
- 11.2.1 Temperature
- 11.2.2 Atmospheric Pressure
- 11.2.3 Precipitation
- 11.2.4 Primary Productivity
- 11.2.5 Biotic Interactions
- 11.3 The Process of Life-History Evolution
- 11.3.1 Mechanisms.
- 11.3.2 Constraints
- 11.3.3 Drivers
- 11.4 Empirical Evidence in Animals
- 11.4.1 Insects and Other Arthropods
- 11.4.2 Fishes
- 11.4.3 Amphibians
- 11.4.4 Reptiles
- 11.4.5 Birds
- 11.4.6 Mammals
- 11.5 Empirical Evidence in Plants
- 11.5.1 Interspecific Variation
- 11.5.2 Intraspecific Variation
- 11.6 Discussion
- 11.6.1 Current Patterns
- 11.6.2 Evolutionary and Plastic Responses to Environmental Change
- 11.6.3 Demographic Responses to Environmental Change
- 11.6.4 Future Research
- References
- 12 Non-equilibrium in Alpine Plant Assemblages: Shifts in Europe's Summit Floras
- Abstract
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Rapid Climate Change in Arctic and Alpine Areas
- 12.3 Re-surveys of Historical Vegetation Records on Summits
- 12.4 Extensive Monitoring of Recent Changes in Summit Plants
- 12.5 Global Change, Not Only Climate Change: Snow Versus Temperature, Impacts of Nutrients, CO2 Concentration, Land Use, Grazing
- 12.6 Alpine Plants on the Verge to Extinction or Safe in Cold Microhabitats?
- 12.7 From Knowledge to Action? Towards Conservation of High Mountain Flora
- References
- 13 Changes in Climate, Snow and Water Resources in the Spanish Pyrenees: Observations and Projections in a Warming Climate
- Abstract
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Study Area
- 13.3 Data and Methods
- 13.4 Climate Evolution
- 13.5 Snow Observations
- 13.6 Streamflow Changes
- 13.7 Projections for a Warmer Climate
- 13.8 Conclusions
- References
- 14 Atmospheric Chemical Loadings in the High Mountain: Current Forcing and Legacy Pollution
- Abstract
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Surface Waters Acidification
- 14.3 Trace Elements Pollution
- 14.4 Effects of Airborne Nutrients on Ecosystems
- 14.5 Some Reflections on Conservation
- References.
- 15 Importance of Long-Term Studies to Conservation Practice: The Case of the Bearded Vulture in the Pyrenees.