Optics in Our Time.

• Author: Al-Amri, Mohammad D.
• TeilnehmendeR: El-Gomati, Mohamed.; Zubairy, M. Suhail.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2016.; ©2016.
• Year of Publication: 2016
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (509 pages)

Table of Contents

• Intro
• Foreword
• Preface
• Contents
• About the Editors and Authors
• I History
• 1: A Very Brief History of Light
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Greeks and Antiquity
• 1.3 Islamic Period
• 1.4 Scientific Revolution
• 1.5 Light in Twentieth Century
• 1.6 Epilogue
• Bibliography
• 2: Ibn al-Haythamś Scientific Research Programme
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Between Ptolemy and Kepler: Ibn al-Haythamś Celestial Kinematics
• 2.3 Ibn al-Haythamś Reform of Optics
• 2.4 Conclusion
• References
• II Ultrafast Phenomena and the Invisible World
• 3: Ultrafast Light and Electrons: Imaging the Invisible
• 3.1 Origins
• 3.2 Optical Microscopy and the Phenomenon of Interference
• 3.3 The Temporal Resolution: From Visible to Invisible Objects
• 3.4 Electron Microscopy: Time-Averaged Imaging
• 3.5 2D Imaging and Visualization of Atoms
• 3.6 The Third Dimension and Biological Imaging
• 3.7 4D Ultrafast Electron Microscopy
• 3.8 Coherent Single-Electrons in Ultrafast Electron Microscopy
• 3.9 Visualization and Complexity
• 3.10 Attosecond Pulse Generation
• 3.11 Optical Gating of Electrons and Attosecond Electron Microscopy
• 3.12 Conclusion
• References
• III Optical Sources
• 4: The Laser
• 4.1 Introduction: A Laser in the Hands of Ibn al-Haytham
• 4.2 The Laser: An Optical Oscillator
• 4.2.1 Oscillators
• 4.2.2 The Optical Oscillator
• 4.2.3 Optical Amplification by Stimulated Emission
• 4.2.4 Laser Materials and Pumping Methods
• 4.3 Optical Resonators and Their Modes
• 4.3.1 Modes
• 4.3.2 The Gaussian Beam
• 4.4 Coherence of Laser Light
• 4.5 Pulsed Lasers
• 4.6 Conclusion
• Further Reading
• 5: Solid-State Lighting Based on Light Emitting Diode Technology
• 5.1 Historical Development of LEDs
• 5.2 The Importance of Nitride Materials
• 5.3 LED Basics
• 5.4 Fabrication of an LED Luminaire.
• 5.4.1 Efficiency and Efficacy
• 5.5 Research Challenges
• 5.5.1 Crystal Growth
• 5.5.2 Internal Electric Field
• 5.5.3 p-Type Doping
• 5.5.4 Green Gap and Efficiency Droop
• 5.5.5 Chip Design
• 5.5.6 Generation of White Light with LEDs
• 5.5.7 LED Packaging
• 5.6 LEDs for Lighting
• 5.6.1 Quality of LED Lighting
• 5.6.2 Efficacy
• 5.6.3 Lifetime
• 5.6.4 Cost
• 5.7 LED Lighting Applications: The Present and Future
• 5.7.1 General Illumination and Energy Saving
• 5.7.2 Circadian Rhythm Lighting
• 5.8 Chapter Summary
• References
• 6: Modern Electron Optics and the Search for More Light: The Legacy of the Muslim Golden Age
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Electron Optics
• 6.3 Parallels with Optical Microscopy
• 6.4 JJ Thomson and His Discovery, the Electron
• 6.5 The Principle of Electron-Solid Interaction
• 6.6 The Basic Components of Electron Microscopes
• 6.6.1 The Electron Source
• 6.6.2 The Probe-Forming Column (Electron Lenses)
• The Specimen Chamber
• 6.6.3 The Detectors
• 6.7 Fourth-Dimension Electron Microscopy or Time-Resolved Electron Microscopy
• 6.8 Lensless Electron Microscopy
• 6.9 Application of Electron Microscopy Towards Light-Producing Devices
• 6.10 Conclusions
• References
• IV Applications
• 7: The Dawn of Quantum Biophotonics
• 7.1 Overview: Toward Quantum Agri-Biophotonics
• 7.2 Fundamental Light-Matter Interactions and Spectroscopy of Biological Systems
• 7.3 Quantum-Enhanced Remote Sensing
• 7.3.1 Anthrax Detection in Real Time
• 7.3.2 Stand-Off Spectroscopy
• 7.3.3 Detection of Plant Stress Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
• 7.3.4 Stand-off Detection Using Laser Filaments
• 7.4 Quantum Heat Engines
• 7.4.1 The Laser and the Photovoltaic Cell as a Quantum Heat Engine
• 7.4.2 The Photo-Carnot Quantum Heat Engine
• 7.4.3 Biological Quantum Heat Engines.
• 7.5 Emerging Techniques with Single Molecule Sensitivity
• 7.5.1 Coherent Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
• 7.5.2 Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy
• 7.6 Superresolution Quantum Microscopy
• 7.6.1 Subwavelength Quantum Microscopy
• 7.6.2 Tip-Enhanced Quantum Bioimaging
• 7.7 Novel Light Sources
• 7.7.1 Fiber Sensors
• 7.7.2 Quantum Coherence in X-Ray Laser Generation
• 7.7.3 Coherent Control of Gamma Rays
• 7.8 Conclusion
• References
• 8: Optical Communication: Its History and Recent Progress
• 8.1 Historical Perspective
• 8.2 Basic Concepts Behind Optical Communication
• 8.2.1 Optical Transmitters and Receivers
• 8.2.2 Optical Fibers and Cables
• 8.2.3 Modulations Formats
• 8.2.4 Channel Multiplexing
• 8.3 Evolution of Optical Communication from 1975 to 2000
• 8.3.1 The First Three Generations
• 8.3.2 The Fourth Generation
• 8.3.3 Bursting of the Telecom Bubble in 2000
• 8.4 The Fifth Generation
• 8.5 The Sixth Generation
• 8.5.1 Capacity Limit of Single-Mode Fibers
• 8.5.2 Space-Division Multiplexing
• 8.6 Worldwide Fiber-Optic Communication Network
• 8.7 Conclusions
• References
• 9: Optics in Remote Sensing
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Historical Overview
• 9.2.1 Speed of Light
• 9.2.2 Fraunhofer and the Invention of Remote Sensing
• 9.2.3 Passive Remote Sensing
• 9.3 The Development of the Laser for Active Remote Sensing
• 9.4 LIDAR
• 9.4.1 The Precision Measurement of Distances
• 9.4.2 Measuring the Speed of an Object at a Distance Point
• 9.4.3 Measuring Sound Speed as a Function of Depth in the Ocean
• 9.4.4 Measuring Temperature as a Function of Depth in the Ocean
• 9.4.5 Detecting and Identifying Underwater Objects (Fish, Mines, etc.)
• 9.4.6 Trace Gas Detection
• 9.4.7 Femtosecond-Lidar Application for Influencing Weather Phenomena
• 9.4.8 Stand-Off Super-Radiant Spectroscopy
• 9.5 Conclusions.
• References
• 10: Optics in Nanotechnology
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Optics in Nanometals: Nature of Interaction of Light with Metal
• 10.2.1 Plasma Model
• 10.2.2 Miniaturized Metal: Subwavelength Concentration of Light
• Bulk Material (3D)
• Thin Film or Sheet (2D)
• Nanowire (1D)
• Nanoparticles/Dot (0D)
• 10.2.3 Miniaturization-Induced Coloration of Metals
• 10.2.4 Plasmonic Lenses
• Confinement-Based Lensing
• Transmission-Based Lensing
• 10.2.5 Metamaterials: Negative Refractive Index
• 10.2.6 Heat Loss: Are Plasmonic-Based Devices Practical?
• 10.3 Optics in Nanosemiconductors
• 10.3.1 Bandgap and Excitons
• 10.3.2 Direct and Indirect Bandgap Materials
• 10.3.3 Enhancing and Blue Shifting of Luminescence by Quantum Confinement
• 10.3.4 Making Silicon Glow: Quantum Confinement
• 10.3.5 Optical Nonlinearity in Nanosilicon
• 10.3.6 Optical Gain in Nanosilicon-Based Material
• 10.4 Applications of Optics in Nanotechnology
• 10.4.1 Integration of Optics and Electronics
• 10.4.2 Confined Light in Service of Substance Detection
• 10.4.3 Nanofabrication and Nanolithography
• 10.4.4 Photovoltaics and Photocurrent
• 10.4.5 Solid State LED White Lighting
• 10.4.6 Plasmonic Hyperthermic-Based Treatment and Monitoring of Acute Disease
• 10.5 Plasmon Effect in Ancient Technology and Art
• 10.6 Alhasan Ibn Alhaytham (Alhazen) and the Nature of Light and Lusterware
• 10.7 From Alhazen to Newton to the Trio: Dispersion of Light
• 10.8 Conclusion
• References
• 11: Optics and Renaissance Art
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Analysis of Paintings
• 11.2.1 Jan van Eyck, The Arnolfini Marriage, 1434
• 11.2.2 Lorenzo Lotto, Husband and Wife, 1523-1524
• 11.2.3 Hans Holbein the Younger, The French Ambassadors to the English Court, 1532
• 11.2.4 Robert Campin, The Annunciation Triptych (Merode Altarpiece), c1425-c1430.
• 11.3 Conclusions
• 11.4 Acknowledgments
• References
• 12: The Eye as an Optical Instrument
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 The Anatomy of the Eye
• 12.3 The Quality of the Retinal Image
• 12.4 Peripheral Optics
• 12.5 Conclusions
• References
• 13: Optics in Medicine
• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.1.1 Why Optics in Medicine?
• 13.1.2 Global Healthcare Needs and Drivers
• 13.1.3 Historical Uses of Optics in Medicine
• 13.1.4 Future Trends
• 13.2 Early and Traditional Medical Optical Instruments
• 13.2.1 Head Mirror
• 13.2.2 Otoscope
• 13.2.2.1 History of the Otoscope
• 13.2.3 Ophthalmoscope
• 13.2.4 Retinoscope
• 13.2.5 Phoropter
• 13.2.6 Laryngoscope
• 13.3 Fiber Optic Medical Devices and Applications
• 13.3.1 Optical Fiber Fundamentals
• 13.3.2 Coherent and Incoherent Optical Fiber Bundles
• 13.3.3 Illuminating Guides
• 13.3.4 Fiberscopes and Endoscopes
• 13.3.5 Fused Fiber Faceplates and Tapers for Digital X-rays
• 13.4 Conclusions
• References
• V Quantum Optics
• 14: Atom Optics in a Nutshell
• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.2 Particles or Waves?
• 14.2.1 Light
• 14.2.2 Atoms
• 14.2.3 Particles and Waves
• 14.2.4 Atoms as Waves
• 14.2.5 Cold Atoms and Molecules
• 14.3 Atomic Microscope
• 14.4 Interferences
• 14.4.1 Atom Interferences
• 14.4.2 Atom Interferometry
• 14.4.3 Fundamental Studies
• 14.4.4 BEC Atom Interferometers
• 14.5 Outlook
• References
• 15: Slow, Stored and Stationary Light
• 15.1 Introduction
• 15.2 Slow Light, Stopped Light and Stationary Light: A Simple Picture
• 15.3 A Microscopic Picture of Light Propagation in a Medium
• 15.3.1 Absorption, Emission and Refraction
• 15.3.2 Group Velocity
• 15.4 Electromagnetically Induced Transparency
• 15.5 Slow Light, Stored Light and Dark-State Polaritons
• 15.5.1 Slow Light
• 15.5.2 Stopped Light and Quantum Memories for Photons.
• 15.5.3 Slow-Light Polaritons.