The GEO Handbook on Biodiversity Observation Networks.

The GEO Handbook on Biodiversity Observation Networks.

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Bibliographic Details
:
Walters, Michele.
TeilnehmendeR:
Scholes, Robert J.
Place / Publishing House:Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2016.
©2017.
Year of Publication:2016
Edition:1st ed.
Language:English
Online Access:
Physical Description:1 online resource (330 pages)
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Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Foreword
  • Acknowledgements
  • Contents
  • 1 Working in Networks to Make Biodiversity Data More Available
  • Abstract
  • 1.1 Observing Biodiversity
  • 1.2 Working Together Makes Sense
  • 1.3 Networks as an Organisational Structure
  • 1.4 Managing Networks
  • 1.5 Guiding the Enterprise
  • 1.6 Working Backwards to Move Forwards
  • 1.7 The Purpose, Structure and Content of This Volume
  • References
  • 2 Global Terrestrial Ecosystem Observations: Why, Where, What and How?
  • Abstract
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Ecosystems and Ecosystem Variables
  • 2.3 Where to Measure Ecosystem Variables
  • 2.4 How to Measure Ecosystem Variables
  • 2.4.1 Sensor Networks
  • 2.4.2 In Situ Mapping
  • 2.4.3 Remote Sensing
  • 2.4.3.1 Ecosystem Extent and Distribution
  • 2.4.3.2 Phenology
  • 2.4.3.3 Connectivity and Fragmentation
  • 2.5 Relating RS and in Situ Observations: LCCS and GHC
  • References
  • 3 Ecosystem Services
  • Abstract
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
  • 3.3 Key Ecosystem Service Concepts
  • 3.4 Monitoring Ecosystem Services
  • 3.5 National Statistics
  • 3.6 Remote Sensing
  • 3.7 Field-Based Estimations
  • 3.8 Community Monitoring of Ecosystem Services
  • 3.9 Models
  • 3.10 Current Tools to Monitor Ecosystem Services
  • 3.11 Provisioning Services
  • 3.12 Regulating Services
  • 3.13 Cultural Services
  • 3.14 Observing Multiple Ecosystem Services
  • 3.15 Using Scenarios in Modelling to Predict Future Ecosystem Services
  • 3.16 Linking Ecosystem Service Observations to Decision-Making
  • 3.17 Creating a Network for Observing and Managing Ecosystem Services
  • 3.18 Monitoring to Support Policy Design
  • 3.19 Conclusions
  • References
  • 4 Monitoring Essential Biodiversity Variables at the Species Level
  • Abstract
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Defining the Scope of the Monitoring Program.
  • 4.2.1 Surveillance and Targeted Monitoring
  • 4.2.2 Choosing Which Variables, Taxa and Metrics to Monitor
  • 4.2.3 Choosing a Spatial Sampling Scheme
  • 4.3 Taxon-Specific and Driver-Specific Examples
  • 4.3.1 Mammals
  • 4.3.2 Amphibians
  • 4.3.3 Butterflies
  • 4.3.4 Plants
  • 4.3.5 Monitoring Diseases
  • 4.4 From Species Monitoring to Ecosystem Services
  • 4.5 Scaling from Local Observations to the Global Monitoring of Biodiversity Change
  • References
  • 5 Monitoring Changes in Genetic Diversity
  • Abstract
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Brief Overview of Developments in the Monitoring of Genetic Diversity
  • 5.3 Spatio-Temporal Considerations in Genetic Monitoring
  • 5.4 What to Monitor?
  • 5.4.1 Domesticated Species
  • 5.4.2 Socioeconomically (and Ecologically) Important Species
  • 5.4.3 Monitoring Genetic Diversity in Culturally Valued Species
  • 5.5 Proxies for Reporting Changes in Genetic Diversity
  • References
  • 6 Methods for the Study of Marine Biodiversity
  • Abstract
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Sampling Methods
  • 6.2.1 Bottom Trawl Surveys
  • 6.2.2 Light Traps
  • 6.2.3 Artificial Substrata
  • 6.2.4 Microfossils
  • 6.2.5 Molecular Observations of Microbial Communities
  • 6.3 Case Studies
  • 6.3.1 The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR)
  • 6.3.2 Tropical Coral Reefs
  • 6.3.3 The Reef Life Survey (RLS)
  • 6.3.4 Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB)
  • 6.4 Data Management
  • 6.4.1 World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS)
  • 6.4.2 Marine Regions
  • 6.4.3 Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS)
  • 6.4.4 Time-Series Data Availability
  • 6.4.5 Global Marine Environment Datasets (GMED)
  • 6.5 Data Analysis
  • 6.6 Discussion
  • References
  • 7 Observations of Inland Water Biodiversity: Progress, Needs and Priorities
  • Abstract
  • 7.1 Freshwater Biodiversity Observation
  • 7.1.1 What Is Freshwater Biodiversity?.
  • 7.1.2 The Need for Special Attention to Freshwater Biodiversity Observations
  • 7.1.3 Freshwater Biodiversity Observations and Global Targets
  • 7.1.4 Access and Management of Freshwater Biodiversity Data
  • 7.1.5 Improving Our Ability to Track Changes Through Freshwater Biodiversity Observations
  • 7.2 Observations on Components of Freshwater Biodiversity
  • 7.2.1 The Spatial Context for Freshwater Biodiversity Observations
  • 7.2.2 Genetic Composition of Freshwater Biodiversity
  • 7.2.3 Observations of Freshwater Species
  • 7.2.4 Observations of Freshwater Species Traits
  • 7.2.5 Observations of the Composition of Freshwater Communities
  • 7.2.6 Observations of the Structure of Freshwater Ecosystems
  • 7.2.7 Observations of Freshwater Ecosystem Functioning
  • 7.3 Use of Freshwater Biodiversity Data in Decision-Making
  • 7.4 Future Directions for Freshwater Biodiversity Observations
  • 7.4.1 A Global Wetlands Observing System (GWOS)
  • 7.4.2 Citizen Science in Freshwater Biodiversity Observations
  • 7.5 Conclusions
  • References
  • 8 Remote Sensing for Biodiversity
  • Abstract
  • 8.1 Remote Sensing
  • 8.1.1 How Remote Sensing Works
  • 8.1.2 Combining Remote Sensing with in situ Observations
  • 8.1.3 Detecting Change
  • 8.2 Terrestrial
  • 8.2.1 Ecosystems
  • 8.2.1.1 Ecosystem Structure and Composition
  • 8.2.1.2 Ecosystem Function
  • 8.2.1.3 Ecosystem Change
  • 8.2.1.4 Ecosystem Services
  • 8.2.2 Species
  • 8.2.2.1 Mapping Where Species Live
  • 8.2.2.2 Plant Functional Types
  • 8.2.2.3 Generating Biodiversity Indices
  • 8.2.3 Genes
  • 8.3 Marine
  • 8.3.1 Habitat Extent
  • 8.3.2 Habitat Condition
  • 8.3.3 Detecting Change and Issues of Scale
  • 8.4 Freshwater
  • 8.4.1 Considerations for Remote Sensing of Freshwater Biodiversity
  • 8.4.1.1 Observing Small Systems from Space: Considering Spatial Scale.
  • 8.4.1.2 Observing Dynamic Systems: Considering Observation Extent and Frequency
  • 8.4.2 Approaches for Observing Biodiversity Drivers
  • 8.4.2.1 Ecosystems
  • Habitat Function and Structure
  • Biophysical/Hydrological Characteristics
  • Vegetation Community Detection
  • 8.4.2.2 Species and Ecosystem Services
  • 8.5 Conclusions
  • References
  • 9 Involving Citizen Scientists in Biodiversity Observation
  • Abstract
  • 9.1 Citizen Science
  • 9.2 Citizen Science and Biodiversity Observation Networks (BONs)
  • 9.2.1 Monitoring Biodiversity Over Large Spatial and Temporal Scales
  • 9.2.2 Mapping Species Location and Abundance
  • 9.2.3 Timing of Nature's Events
  • 9.2.4 Early Detection and Mapping of Pests and Invasive Species
  • 9.2.5 Desk Assessment and Field Validation of Imagery
  • 9.2.6 Linking Citizen Science and Large Scale Biodiversity Monitoring Databases
  • 9.3 Enhancing Data Reliability and Reuse
  • 9.3.1 Data Quality and Control
  • 9.3.2 Data Sharing and Standards
  • 9.4 Recruiting, Motivating and Retaining Participants
  • 9.5 New Tools and Technologies
  • 9.5.1 Websites and Portals
  • 9.5.2 Mobile Devices
  • 9.5.3 Sensors
  • 9.5.4 Camera Traps
  • 9.5.5 Social Media and Social Networking
  • 9.5.6 Gaming
  • 9.5.7 Cyber-Infrastructure and Networked Databases
  • 9.6 Challenges and Opportunities for the Future
  • References
  • 10 Biodiversity Modelling as Part of an Observation System
  • Abstract
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 Broad Roles of Modelling in Biodiversity Assessment
  • 10.2.1 Modelling Across Space Alone
  • 10.2.2 Modelling Across Space and Time, Present to Future
  • 10.2.3 Modelling Across Space and Time, Past to Present
  • 10.3 A Key Modelling Challenge: Mapping Change in the Distribution and Retention of Terrestrial Biodiversity
  • 10.3.1 Species-Level Approaches
  • 10.3.2 Community-Level Approaches.
  • 10.3.2.1 Discrete Community-Level Approaches
  • 10.3.2.2 Continuous Community-Level Approaches
  • 10.4 Conclusion
  • References
  • 11 Global Infrastructures for Biodiversity Data and Services
  • Abstract
  • 11.1 An Emerging Culture of Data Sharing, Publication and Citation
  • 11.1.1 Research Infrastructures
  • 11.1.2 Persistent Identifiers and Linked Open Data
  • 11.1.3 Free and Open Data: Licensing and Policy
  • 11.1.4 Data Citation and Publication
  • 11.1.5 Big Data, Citizen Science, Crowdsourcing, and Proliferating Sensors
  • 11.2 The Network of the Future
  • 11.2.1 A Vision for Future Data and Services
  • 11.2.2 The Role of Standards and Specifications
  • 11.2.3 A Scalable, Interoperable Architecture
  • 11.2.3.1 General Requirements for a Biodiversity Information Architecture
  • 11.2.3.2 Option 1: SOA and ESB
  • 11.2.3.3 Option 2: Synchronous, RESTful Services
  • 11.3 Considerations in Respect of Best Practice
  • 11.3.1 Sources of Data and Its Classification
  • 11.3.1.1 Essential Biodiversity Variables
  • 11.3.1.2 Protocols for Observation
  • 11.3.1.3 Generic Data Families
  • 11.3.2 Published Advice and Guidance
  • 11.3.2.1 Research Data Alliance (RDA)
  • 11.3.2.2 Global Biodiversity Informatics Conference (GBIC)
  • 11.3.2.3 GEO Data Management Principles
  • 11.3.2.4 EU BON
  • 11.3.2.5 CReATIVE-B and GLOBIS-B
  • 11.3.2.6 EarthCube and DataONE
  • 11.4 Specific Implementation Guidelines
  • 11.4.1 Recommended Data Management Approaches
  • 11.4.2 Section A: General Considerations
  • 11.4.3 Section B: Semantic Interoperability
  • 11.4.4 Section C: Specialised Global Infrastructure
  • 11.4.5 Section D: Aggregators and Open Federated Infrastructures
  • 11.5 Conclusions
  • 11.5.1 What Is Already Achievable?
  • 11.5.2 What Needs to Be Improved?
  • References
  • Web Links and References Used in the Guidance Tables 11.3, 11.4, 11.5 and 11.6.
  • 12 Using Data for Decision-Making: From Observations to Indicators and Other Policy Tools.

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