Global Health Economics : : Shaping Health Policy In Low- And Middle-income Countries.

• Superior document: World Scientific Series In Global Health Economics And Public Policy ; v.5
• Author: Revill, Paul.
• TeilnehmendeR: Suhrcke, Marc.; Moreno-serra, Rodrigo.; Sculpher, Mark.; Goddard, Maria.
• Place / Publishing House: Singapore : : World Scientific Publishing Company,, 2020.; ©2020.
• Year of Publication: 2020
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: World Scientific Series In Global Health Economics And Public Policy
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (378 pages)

Table of Contents

• Intro
• Contents
• About the Editors
• About the Contributors
• Foreword
• Preface
• 1. Background
• 2. Objectives
• 3. Organization of the Book
• Acknowledgments
• 1. Funding Acknowledgments
• Editorial - Global Health Economics Research and Policymaking: A Perspective from a Global Health Think Tank
• References
• Part 1 Health Care Provision and Health
• Chapter 1 Assessing the Impact of Health Care Expenditures on Mortality Using Cross-Country Data
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Methods
• 2.1. BGG model
• 2.2. MSS model
• 2.3. A hybrid model
• 2.3.1. Data structure
• 2.3.2. Outcome variables
• 2.3.3. Health care expenditure
• 2.3.4. Instrumental variables
• 2.3.5. Covariates
• 3. Data
• 3.1. Data imputation
• 4. Results
• 4.1. Replication results
• 4.1.1. Replication of BGG
• 4.1.2. Sensitivity checks
• 4.1.3. Replication of MSS
• 4.1.4. Sensitivity checks
• 4.2. Hybrid model analysis
• 4.2.1. Hybrid model analysis BGG: The "traditional IV approach"
• 4.2.2. Sensitivity checks
• 4.2.3. Streamlined model analysis MSS: The "Brückner IV approach"
• 4.2.4. Sensitivity checks
• 4.3. Specification and robustness checks
• 5. Discussion
• 5.1. Data limitations
• 5.2. Methodological limitations
• 5.3. Policy implications
• 5.4. Implications for future research
• Acknowledgments
• References
• Part 2 Economic Evaluation
• Chapter 2 Allocating Scarce Resources - Tools for Priority Setting
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Understanding Available Priority Setting Tools for Use in LMICs
• 2.1. Review of priority setting tools
• 2.1.1. Cost-benefit analysis
• 2.1.2. Cost-effectiveness analysis
• 2.1.3. Generalized cost-effectiveness analysis
• 2.1.4. Extended cost-effectiveness analysis
• 2.1.5. Multicriteria decision analysis
• 2.1.6. Mathematical programming
• 3. Discussion
• References.
• Chapter 3 Cost-Effectiveness Thresholds: Guiding Health Care Spending for Population Health Improvement
• Summary
• 1. Part 1: Introduction
• 2. Part 2. Deciding When to Invest in Health Care Interventions - A Guide for Policymakers
• 2.1. Who is this guide for?
• 2.2. What is the challenge facing policymakers and budget holders?
• 2.3. What assessments are required when choosing a cost-effectiveness threshold for use within a jurisdiction or by an organization?
• 2.4. Contrasting demand-side and supply-side estimates of CETs
• 2.5. What estimates of suitable thresholds for particular jurisdictions or organizations are available?
• 2.6. What CETs should be used if interventions draw upon resources not generally available for use across the whole health sector?
• 2.7. Are there other judgements, in addition to supply-side-based CETs, that are required when deciding whether to invest in particular interventions?
• 3. Part 3: Informing Health Care Investment Decisions - A Guide for Analysts
• 3.1. Who is this guide for?
• 3.2. What types of decisions does this guide inform?
• 3.3. The important distinction between "demand-side" and "supply-side" CETs
• 3.4. What "demand-side" CETs exist and have been used?
• 3.4.1. 50k and £30k per QALY CETs
• 3.4.2. CETs 1-3 times GDP per capita in a country
• 3.4.3. Stated preferences: Social value of a QALY studies
• 3.4.4. Revealed preferences: The value of a statistical life studies
• 3.5. What "supply-side" thresholds exist and can be used?
• 3.5.1. Claxton et al. (2015a)
• 3.5.2. Woods et al. (2015, 2016)
• 3.5.3. Ochalek et al. (2018)
• 4. Part 4. A Summary of the Evidence on Supply-Side Cost-Effectiveness Thresholds
• References
• Chapter 4 Fairer Decisions, Better Health for All: Health Equity and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Concepts.
• 2.1. Cost-effectiveness analysis
• 2.2. Health equity
• 2.3. Accounting for the social distribution of opportunity costs
• 2.4. Trade-offs between total health and health equity
• 2.5. Measuring health equity impacts
• 2.6. Quantifying health equity trade-offs
• 3. Different Approaches to Equity-Informative CEA
• 3.1. Equity evidence review
• 3.2. Equity impact analysis
• 3.3. Equity trade-off analysis
• 3.3.1 Equity constraint analysis
• 3.3.2. Equity weighting analysis
• 4. Conclusion
• Acknowledgments
• References
• Chapter 5 Economic Evaluation of Social Care and Informal Care Interventions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Methods
• 2.1. Study sample
• 2.2. Survey design
• 2.3. Survey implementation
• 2.4. Case studies
• 2.5. Definition of social care interventions and informal care
• 3. Results
• 3.1. Availability of official HTA and PES guidelines by national income category (n = 20)
• 3.2. Health outcome measures preferred by countries with official HTA and PES guidelines (n = 8)
• 3.3. Use of informal care in official guidelines
• 3.4. Interventions evaluated using economic evaluation
• 4. Case Studies
• 5. Discussion
• Acknowledgments
• References
• Part 3 Health System Issues
• Chapter 6 Paying for Performance for Health Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: An Economic Perspective
• 1. Introduction
• 2. P4P from an Economic Perspective
• 2.1. Delegation and conditionality
• 2.2. The design of P4P schemes
• 2.2.1. Linear versus nonlinear incentive schemes
• 2.2.2. Budget neutrality
• 2.2.3. Sticks or carrots?
• 2.3. Unintended consequences
• 2.3.1. Multitasking
• 2.3.2. Gaming
• 2.3.3. Selection or cherry-picking
• 2.3.4. Equity concerns
• 2.3.5. Crowding out
• 3. P4P Programme Evidence in LMIC
• 3.1. Programme characteristics.
• 3.2. Have they worked? Evidence from evaluated P4P programmes
• 4. Conclusion
• Acknowledgments
• References
• Chapter 7 Public Financial Management and Health Service Delivery: A Literature Review
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Methods
• 3. Results
• 3.1. PFM system quality
• 3.2. Quality of governance
• 3.3. Impact of PFM reforms
• 3.3.1. Impact of PFM reforms: Medium-term-expenditure frameworks
• 3.3.2. Impact of PFM reforms: Fiscal and budget transparency
• 3.3.3. Impact of PFM reforms: Participatory budgeting and community scorecards
• 3.4. Fiscal decentralization
• 3.5. Other PFM reforms
• 3.5.1. Impact of donor-related reforms
• 3.6. Reviewing the identified hypotheses
• 3.7. Summary of the evidence
• 4. Discussion
• 5. Conclusion
• Acknowledgments
• References
• Chapter 8 Demand-Side Financing in Health in Low-Resource Settings
• 1. Introduction
• 1.1. DSF in Nepal 1 barriers to maternal services and the need for DSF in Nepal
• 2. Demand-Side Financing Mechanisms
• 2.1. DSF in Nepal 2: The government's policy response
• 3. Evidence on DSF Effectiveness and Impact
• 3.1. DSF in Nepal 3: Assessing the effectiveness of DSF
• 4. Lessons from DSF Experience in Low-Income Contexts
• 4.1. Demand-side funding complements well-funded service provision
• 4.2. How sustainable are DSF mechanisms?
• 4.3. Does DSF encourage unhealthy behavior?
• 4.4. Do DSF mechanisms swap one information asymmetry for another?
• 5. Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 9 A New Approach to Measuring Health Development: From National Income Toward Health Coverage (and Beyond)
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Methods
• 2.1. Theoretical background and data sources
• 2.2. Measuring access to care and health needs
• 2.3. Measuring financial protection in health
• 2.4. A flexible approach: Incorporating information on financial constraints.
• 2.5. The computation of health development indices
• 2.5.1. Access to care index
• 2.5.2. Financial protection index
• 2.5.3. Constraints index
• 3. Results
• 3.1. Overview
• 3.2. A closer look: Comparisons of health development indices and GNI classification for selected countries
• 3.3. Relative importance of access to care and financial protection for measured levels of health development
• 3.4. Computation of health development indices using subnational data: The case of India
• 4. Discussion and Conclusions
• Acknowledgments
• Key Messages
• References
• Case Studies Application of Methods
• Chapter 10 Supporting the Development of Health Benefits Packages (HBPs): Principles and Initial Assessment for Malawi
• 1. Background
• 2. Methods
• 3. Findings and Discussion
• Key Messages
• References
• Chapter 11 Modelling and Economic Evaluation to Inform WHO HIV Treatment Guidelines
• 1. Background
• 2. Economic Evaluation in WHO HIV Treatment Guidelines
• 3. Implications and Discussion
• Key Messages
• References
• Chapter 12 Evaluating the 2014 Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax in Chile: Observational Evidence from Urban Areas
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Methods
• 3. Results
• 3.1. Volume of soft drinks purchased
• 4. Discussion
• 4.1. Implications for future research
• 4.2. Implications for policy
• References
• Appendices
• Appendix 1 Supply-Side Cost-Effectiveness Threshold Estimates for All Countries
• Appendix 2 Economic Evaluation of Social Care Interventions and Informal Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries - Online Survey
• Supplementary Data - A New Approach to Measuring Health Development: From National Income Toward Health Coverage (and Beyond)
• 1. Further Results for the Computation of Health Development Indices
• 1.1. Composition of quartiles of health development indices by world regions.
• 1.2. Comparisons of changes in health development rankings for selected income groups and countries.