Bioethics Across the Globe : : Rebirthing Bioethics.

• Author: Akabayashi, Akira.
• Place / Publishing House: Singapore : : Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,, 2020.; ©2020.
• Year of Publication: 2020
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (156 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Contents -- About the Author -- Chapter 1: A Brief History of Bioethics in Japan -- 1.1 Phase I: Introduction (1980-1999) -- 1.1.1 Brain-Death and Organ Transplantation -- 1.1.2 Informed Consent -- 1.1.3 Issues with End-of-Life Medical Care and Euthanasia -- 1.2 Phase II: Development (2000-2010) -- 1.2.1 On the Moral Status of the Embryo -- 1.2.2 Systematization of the Enactment Processes for the Life Sciences and Medical Care -- 1.2.3 Ethics Education in Medicine and in Research -- 1.3 Phase III: The Recent Past (2011-Present) -- 1.3.1 Enhancement -- 1.3.2 Neuroethics -- 1.3.3 Ethical Issues Surrounding Regenerative Medicine -- 1.3.4 Public Health Ethics -- 1.3.5 Precision Medicine -- 1.4 The Future of Bioethics in Japan -- 1.5 Before Moving on to the Main Chapters -- References -- Chapter 2: Brain-Death and Organ Transplantation: The First Japanese Path -- 2.1 Enactment of the Organ Transplantation Law (OTL) -- 2.2 The First Organ Transplant from a Brain-Dead Donor -- 2.3 Twenty years After the 1997 OTL Enactment -- 2.4 Is Japan Moving in the Right Direction? -- 2.5 Living Donor Organ Transplantation -- References -- Chapter 3: Informed Consent, Familism, and the Nature of Autonomy -- 3.1 Nature of Informed Consent -- 3.2 Prognosis Disclosure: An Unresolved Issue -- References -- Chapter 4: End-of-Life Care, Advance Directives, Withholding and Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Treatment, and the Goals of Medicine -- 4.1 Advance Directives (AD) -- 4.1.1 AD: A Global Perspective -- 4.2 Withholding and Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Treatment (Especially Artificial Ventilation) -- 4.2.1 Legal Perspectives -- 4.2.2 Cultural Perspectives -- 4.3 Subtle Changes in the Goals of Medicine -- Original Article -- The Goals of Medicine: Time to Take Another Look -- Introduction.

Heightened Interest in Compassionate Use (CU) -- Dramatic Progress in Medicine Over the Past 20 Years -- The Old Goals of Medicine Are Changing -- Views on Life as Seen from CU and RTL -- References (for Chapter 4) -- Chapter 5: The Moral Status of the Embryo: The Second Japanese Path -- 5.1 Neither a "Person" nor a "Thing": The Controversy Concerning the Moral and Legal Status of the Human Embryo in Japan -- 5.1.1 The Bioethics Committee of the Council for Science and Technology -- 5.1.2 The Subcommittee on Human Embryo Research -- 5.1.3 "The Sprout of Human Life" -- 5.1.4 Consequences -- 5.2 The Issue of Abortion -- References -- Chapter 6: The Great East Japan Earthquake and the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident -- 6.1 Lack of Transparency -- 6.1.1 Closedmindedness, Impenetrability and Secrecy Are Significant Characteristics of Japanese Society -- 6.2 The Fukushima Thyroid Screening Study -- 6.3 Why Less Scientifically Meaningful Data? What About the Victims? -- 6.3.1 Case -- 6.4 Animal Ethics and Intergenerational Ethics -- Original Article -- Lessons Learned from Fukushima: Thyroid Cancer Screening Preparedness for Radiation Exposure -- Epidemiological Surveillance -- Proposed Health System Protocols -- Health Surveillance and Treatment Protocols -- Epidemiological Study Protocols -- References (for Chapter 6) -- Chapter 7: Outcome Egalitarianism and Opportunity Egalitarianism -- 7.1 Medical Care and the Social Welfare System -- 7.1.1 Medical Care -- 7.1.2 Social Welfare: Public Livelihood Assistance and Pensions -- 7.2 The Education System -- 7.3 Taxation, Salaries, a Stimulation Policy, and Equal Burden on Individuals -- 7.3.1 Income Tax and Salary -- 7.3.2 Restoration Tax Following the Great East Japan Earthquake and Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident -- 7.3.3 A Stimulation Policy -- 7.4 Japanese Socialism -- References.

Chapter 8: Research Regulations, Ethics Committees, and Confronting Global Standards -- 8.1 Governmental Guidelines or Legislation? -- 8.2 Ethics Committees in Japan -- 8.2.1 Number and Status of Ethics Committees -- 8.2.2 Ethics Committee Members and Their Roles -- 8.3 Enforcement of the Clinical Research Act -- 8.4 Scientific Misconduct in Research: Cultural Perspectives on Criteria for Authorship -- 8.5 Conflict of Interest in a Society Supported by Fiduciary Relationships -- 8.6 An Addendum: Hospital Ethics Committee and Clinical Ethics Consultation -- 8.6.1 Clinical Ethics Consultation -- 8.6.2 University of Tokyo Model: Patient Relations and Clinical Ethics Center (PRCEC) -- References -- Chapter 9: Modern Medical Professionalism -- 9.1 The Diversity of Medical Professionalism -- 9.2 Difficulties in Teaching Medical Professionalism to Young Students and Residents -- 9.3 Emerging Issues in Medical Professionalism -- 9.4 On the Happiness of Medical Caregivers -- References -- Chapter 10: What Does It Means to be Truly "Interdisciplinary"? -- Original Article -- Do Professional Athletes Have the Right to Dispute a Referee's Judgment? An Ethical Analysis of Sumo Wrestling in Japan -- Introduction -- The Yokozuna Hakuho Case -- Discussion -- Does an Athlete in Modern Sports Have the Right to Dispute a Referee's Decision? If So, from What Standpoint Is That Right Justified? -- Is Oh-sumo as Practiced in Japan Really a Modern Sport? -- Should Oh-sumo Join Modern Sports? Professional Sumo and Cultural Imperialism -- Can Yokozuna Hakuho's Behavior be Justified Ethically? -- Conclusion -- Chapter 11: Rebirthing Bioethics: Going Global -- 11.1 The UNESCO International Bioethics Committee -- 11.2 International Health (Global Health) -- 11.3 Van Rensselaer Potter, Inventor of Bioethics, his Acceptable Survival, and Anthropocentrism.

11.4 Universalism Versus Relativism -- 11.5 Bioethics Across the Globe (BAG) -- 11.6 What Can Japan Contribute to BAG? -- References -- Epilogue -- Appendix -- Introduction -- Case I: A Japanese Patient in the Late 1980s -- The Custom of First Notifying the Patient's Family of a Diagnosis With Poor Prognosis -- "Something Close to Autonomy" and Its Implications -- Case 2: An American Patient in the 1990s -- Defining the Family-Facilitated Approach and Its Premises -- Self-construction and the Binary Approach -- The Relationship to Autonomy in Case 2 -- Case 3: Mr. K, a Japanese Patient in 2010 -- Case Presentation: Mr. K -- A New Type of Informed Consent in Contemporary Japan -- The Use of Proxy Decision-Making in Case 3 -- In What Sense Is the Family-Facilitated Approach Consistent or Inconsistent With Patient Autonomy? -- Is the Family-Facilitated Approach Compatible With the Conventional View of Autonomy? -- A Comparison of Four Models for Informed Consent With Regard to Patient Autonomy -- What Sort of Autonomy Is Compatible With the Family-Facilitated Approach? -- Relational Autonomy and the Family-Facilitated Approach -- Patient's Consent, Family's Role, and Relational Autonomy -- Oppression and the Feminist Interpretation of Autonomy -- Expressed Consent or Tacit Consent: Do They Truly Differ? -- Informed Consent Revised: A Global Perspective.