Biological Invasions in South Africa.

• Superior document: Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology Series ; v.14
• Author: van Wilgen, Brian W.
• TeilnehmendeR: Measey, John.; Richardson, David M.; Wilson, John R.; Zengeya, Tsungai A.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2020.; ©2020.
• Year of Publication: 2020
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (972 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Part I: Background -- Chapter 1: Biological Invasions in South Africa: An Overview -- 1.1 Why South Africa Is an Interesting Place for Biological Invasions? -- 1.1.1 A Rich and Varied Biodiversity -- 1.1.2 A Rich and Varied History of Biodiversity Conservation -- 1.1.3 A Rich and Varied History of Introductions -- 1.1.4 A Rich and Varied Socio-political History -- 1.1.5 A Long History of Managing and Regulating Biological Invasions -- 1.1.6 A Strong Research Tradition in Invasion Science -- 1.2 How Many Alien Species Are There in South Africa? -- 1.3 Estimating the Cost of Invasions to South Africa -- 1.4 Scope and Arrangement of This Book -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: A Brief, Selective History of Researchers and Research Initiatives Related to Biological Invasions in South Africa -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Biological Control of Invasive Plants: Research and Implementation 1913-Present -- 2.2.1 Biological Control Research at the Plant Protection Research Institute -- 2.2.2 Establishment of the Centre for Biological Control -- 2.3 The South African Forestry Research Institute (1936-1990) -- 2.4 The Establishment of Long-Term Monitoring Plots (1966-Present) -- 2.5 The Scope Project on the Ecology of Biological Invasions (1980-1989) -- 2.6 The NPER Sub-Programme on Invasive Biota in the CSIR (1982-1985) -- 2.7 Research Conducted by the Scientific Services Division of South African National Parks (1987-Present) -- 2.8 Research on Alien Plant Invasions at the CSIR (1990-Present) -- 2.9 Research on Biological Invasions at the Institute for Plant Conservation (1993-2004) -- 2.10 Research Funded by the Working for Water Programme (1995-Present) -- 2.11 The DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology (2004-Present).

2.12 Work on Biological Invasions at the South African National Biodiversity Institute (2008-Present) -- 2.13 Social and Historical Studies Relevant to Invasion Science -- 2.14 Discussion -- References -- Part II: Biological Invasions in South Africa -- Chapter 3: The Biogeography of South African Terrestrial Plant Invasions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 A Brief History of Plant Invasions in South Africa -- 3.3 How Many Taxa? South Africaś Alien, Naturalised and Invasive Flora -- 3.3.1 A National List of the Alien Flora? -- 3.3.2 A Preliminary Enumeration of South Africaś Naturalised Flora -- 3.4 Extent of Invasions -- 3.5 The Macroecology of Plant Invasions in South Africa -- 3.5.1 Plant Invasions as a Biogeographical Assay -- 3.5.2 Correlates of Alien and Native Species Richness -- 3.6 Conclusions -- Electronic Supplementary Material -- References -- Chapter 4: Invasive Alien Aquatic Plants in South African Freshwater Ecosystems -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Invasive Macrophytes -- 4.3 Pathways of Introduction -- 4.4 Drivers of Invasion -- 4.5 Impacts -- 4.6 Control -- 4.7 Regime Shifts and Alternate Stable States -- 4.8 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 5: Terrestrial Vertebrate Invasions in South Africa -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 History of Introductions, Pathways and Vectors -- 5.3 Mammalia -- 5.3.1 Sus scrofa (Domestic Pig) -- 5.3.2 Felis catus (Domestic Cat) -- 5.3.3 Equus asinus (Donkeys) -- 5.3.4 Equus ferus caballus (Domestic Horses) -- 5.3.5 Dama dama (Fallow Deer) -- 5.3.6 Hippotragus equinus (Roan Antelope) -- 5.3.7 Rusa unicolor (Sambar Deer) -- 5.3.8 Hemitragus jemlahicus (Himalayan Tahr) -- 5.3.9 Capra hircus (Goats) -- 5.3.10 Oryctolagus cuniculus (European Rabbit) -- 5.3.11 Rodentia -- 5.3.11.1 Mus musculus (House mice) -- 5.3.11.2 Rattus rattus (House Rats) -- 5.3.11.3 Rattus norvegicus (Brown Rat).

5.3.11.4 Rattus tanezumi (Asian House Rat) -- 5.3.11.5 Sciurus carolinensis (Grey squirrel) -- 5.4 Aves -- 5.4.1 Invasive Birds in South Africa -- 5.4.2 Anas platyrhynchos (Mallards) -- 5.4.3 Passer domesticus indicus (House Sparrows) -- 5.4.4 Fringilla coelebs (Chaffinch) -- 5.4.5 Alectoris chukar (Chukar Partridge) -- 5.4.6 Columba livia (Rock Doves) -- 5.4.7 Starlings (Genus Sturnus) -- 5.4.7.1 Sturnus vulgaris (Common Starling) -- 5.4.7.2 Sturnus tristis (Common Myna) -- 5.4.8 Psittacula krameri (Rose-Ringed Parakeet) -- 5.4.9 Corvus splendens (House Crows) -- 5.4.10 Pavo cristatus (Common Peafowl) -- 5.5 Reptilia -- 5.5.1 Invasive Reptiles in South Africa -- 5.5.2 Hemidactylus mabouia (Tropical House Gecko) -- 5.5.3 Lygodactylus capensis (Common Dwarf Gecko) -- 5.5.4 Indotyphlops braminus (Flowerpot Snake) -- 5.6 Amphibia -- 5.6.1 Hyperolius marmoratus (Painted Reed Frog) -- 5.6.2 Sclerophrys gutturalis (Guttural Toad) -- 5.7 Future Perspectives for Invasive Vertebrates -- References -- Chapter 6: Alien Freshwater Fauna in South Africa -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Background -- 6.1.2 Pathways and Vectors -- 6.2 South Africaś Alien Freshwater Fauna -- 6.2.1 Protozoa -- 6.2.2 Platyhelminthes -- 6.2.3 Cnidaria -- 6.2.4 Nematoda -- 6.2.5 Annelida -- 6.2.6 Mollusca -- 6.2.7 Crustacea -- 6.2.8 Insecta -- 6.2.9 Teleostei -- 6.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Alien Terrestrial Invertebrates in South Africa -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Composition of the Known Alien Terrestrial Invertebrate Fauna -- 7.3 Dates, Rates and Routes of Introduction -- 7.4 Biological Control Agents -- 7.5 Impact of Invasive Invertebrates -- 7.6 Risk Assessment -- 7.7 Conclusion and Research Gaps -- References -- Chapter 8: Biological Invasions in South Africaś Offshore Sub-Antarctic Territories -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Human Activities at the Prince Edward Islands.

8.3 Terrestrial Invasions -- 8.3.1 Vertebrates -- 8.3.2 Free-living Invertebrates -- 8.3.3 Plants -- 8.3.4 Microbes -- 8.4 Freshwater Invaders -- 8.5 Marine Invaders -- 8.6 Changes to the Likelihood of Introductions and Spread of Invasive Alien Species -- 8.6.1 Terrestrial Invasions -- 8.6.2 Marine Invasions -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Coastal Invasions: The South African Context -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Status of Marine Alien Species -- 9.3 Geographic Patterns Around a Variable Coast -- 9.4 Vectors Driving Marine Invasions -- 9.5 Alien Species in Marine Protected Areas -- 9.6 Impacts of Dominant Intertidal Invaders -- 9.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Pathogens of Vertebrate Animals as Invasive Species: Insights from South Africa -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Animal Diseases -- 10.2.1 Canine Rabies -- 10.2.2 Bovine Tuberculosis -- 10.2.3 Rinderpest -- 10.3 Human Diseases -- 10.3.1 Smallpox -- 10.3.2 Measles -- 10.3.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus -- 10.4 Infectious Agents That Have Moved Out of Africa -- 10.4.1 West Nile Virus -- 10.4.2 African Swine Fever -- 10.5 The Future -- References -- Chapter 11: Biological Invasions in South Africaś Urban Ecosystems: Patterns, Processes, Impacts, and Management -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Patterns and Processes -- 11.2.1 Plants -- 11.2.2 Vertebrates -- 11.3 Positive and Negative Effects of Invasive Alien Species in Urban Areas -- 11.3.1 Ecosystem Services -- 11.3.2 Ecosystem Disservices (EDS) -- 11.4 Management -- 11.4.1 Conflicts of Interest -- 11.4.2 Socio-ecological Challenges -- 11.5 The Way Forward -- Electronic Supplementary Material -- References -- Part III: Drivers of Invasion -- Chapter 12: South Africaś Pathways of Introduction and Dispersal and How They Have Changed Over Time -- 12.1 Introduction.

12.2 How Have Taxa Been Introduced to and Dispersed Within South Africa? -- 12.2.1 Importance of the Pathways of Introduction and Dispersal -- 12.2.2 Changes Over Time to the Pathways of Introduction and Dispersal -- 12.2.2.1 Pre-colonial Period (Before 1650) -- 12.2.2.2 Colonial Period (1650-1910) -- 12.2.2.3 Post-colonial Period (1910-1994) -- 12.2.2.4 Post-democratisation Period (1994-2018) -- 12.2.2.5 The Future -- 12.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: The Role of Environmental Factors in Promoting and Limiting Biological Invasions in South Africa -- 13.1 What Does South Africa Look Like to an Alien Species? -- 13.2 Geomorphology -- 13.3 Soils -- 13.4 Climate -- 13.4.1 Species Distribution Models -- 13.5 Extreme Climatic Events and Large Infrequent Disturbances -- 13.5.1 Floods -- 13.5.2 Droughts -- 13.6 Fire -- 13.7 Interactions Between Land Use and Other Drivers -- 13.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14: Biotic Interactions as Mediators of Biological Invasions: Insights from South Africa -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Ecological Fitting, Co-xenic Associations, and Co-introductions -- 14.1.2 The Structure of Ecological Interaction Networks and Their Infiltration by Invasive Species -- 14.1.3 Eco-evolutionary Experience and Biological Invasions -- 14.2 Parasitism -- 14.2.1 Plants -- 14.2.2 Marine Ecosystems -- 14.2.3 Freshwater Fish -- 14.2.4 Insects -- 14.3 Mutualism -- 14.3.1 Plants and Soil Bacteria -- 14.3.2 Pollination -- 14.3.3 Seed Dispersal -- 14.4 Selected Examples of Impacts on Native Species Biotic Interactions and Ecological Networks -- 14.5 Synthesis and Food for Thought -- References -- Part IV: Impacts of Invasion -- Chapter 15: Impacts of Plant Invasions on Terrestrial Water Flows in South Africa -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.1.1 Brief History of Concern About Hydrological Impacts.

15.2 Vegetation and Plant Characteristics and Site-Specific Conditions.