Introduction to Permanent Plug and Abandonment of Wells.

• Superior document: Ocean Engineering and Oceanography Series ; v.12
• Author: Khalifeh, Mahmoud.
• TeilnehmendeR: Saasen, Arild.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2020.; ©2020.
• Year of Publication: 2020
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Ocean Engineering and Oceanography Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (285 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Abandonment Types -- 1.2 Asset Retirement Obligation -- 1.3 Prepared for Permanent Plug and Abandonment -- 1.3.1 Plug and Abandonment Challenges -- 1.4 Past, Present, and Future of Plugged and Abandoned Wells on the NCS -- 1.5 Digitalization in Plug and Abandonment -- 1.6 The Regulatory Authorities -- 1.7 P&amp -- A Barrier Philosophy -- 1.8 The Beginning of the End-Decommissioning -- References -- 2 General Principles of Well Barriers -- 2.1 Well Annuli -- 2.2 Well Barrier Envelope -- 2.2.1 Primary and Secondary Well Barriers -- 2.2.2 Environmental Plug -- 2.3 Well Barrier Element -- 2.4 Plug -- 2.4.1 Bridge/Mechanical Plugs -- 2.5 Well Barrier Illustration -- 2.6 Prerequisites for Well Abandonment Design -- 2.6.1 Well Configuration -- 2.6.2 Stratigraphic Sequences -- 2.6.3 Logs and Cementing Operation Data -- 2.6.4 Formations with Suitable Well Barrier Element Properties -- 2.6.5 Specific Well Conditions -- 2.7 Well Abandonment Phases -- 2.7.1 Phase 1: Reservoir Abandonment -- 2.7.2 Phase 2: Intermediate Abandonment -- 2.7.3 Phase 3: Wellhead and Conductor Removals -- 2.8 Disconnecting the Christmas Tree and Assembling Blowout Preventer -- 2.8.1 Wellhead Systems -- 2.8.2 The Christmas Tree Systems -- 2.8.3 Assembling BOP -- 2.9 Special Considerations in Abandonment Design -- 2.9.1 Control Lines -- 2.9.2 Well Design -- 2.9.3 Well Schematic -- 2.9.4 Horizontal Wells -- 2.9.5 High-Pressure High-Temperature Wells -- 2.9.6 Shallow Permeable Zones -- 2.9.7 Multilateral Wells -- 2.9.8 Slot Recovery Sidetracks -- 2.9.9 Multiple Reservoirs -- 2.9.10 Slotted Liner -- 2.9.11 Inflow Control Device -- 2.9.12 Tubing Left in Hole -- 2.9.13 Hydrocarbons in the Overburden -- 2.10 Requirements for Designing Permanent Barriers.

2.10.1 Well Cross Sectional Barrier -- 2.10.2 Plug Setting Depth-Formation Integrity -- References -- 3 Specification for Permanent Plugging Materials -- 3.1 Material Requirements for Permanent Barriers -- 3.2 Functional Requirements of Permanent Well Barrier Elements -- 3.2.1 Sealing Capability -- 3.2.2 Bonding -- 3.2.3 Placeability of Permanent Barrier Material -- 3.2.4 Durability -- 3.2.5 Reparability -- 3.3 Qualification of New Plugging Materials -- References -- 4 Types of Permanent Plugging Materials -- 4.1 Setting Materials -- 4.1.1 Portland Cement -- 4.2 In Situ Formation (Formation as Barrier) -- 4.2.1 Durability -- 4.3 Non-setting (Grouts) -- 4.3.1 Unconsolidated Sand Slurries -- 4.4 Thermosetting Polymers -- 4.4.1 Main Degradation Mechanisms -- 4.4.2 Long-Term Integrity of Thermosetting Resins -- 4.5 Metals -- 4.6 Modified In Situ Materials -- 4.6.1 Barrier Establishment -- References -- 5 Different Categories of Working Units -- 5.1 Onshore Units -- 5.1.1 Conventional Land Rigs -- 5.1.2 Mobile Land Rigs -- 5.2 Offshore Units -- 5.2.1 Submersible/Barge Rigs -- 5.2.2 Semisubmersible Rigs -- 5.2.3 Drillship -- 5.2.4 Jackup Rig -- 5.2.5 Platform Rigs -- 5.2.6 Tendered Rigs -- 5.2.7 Vessels -- 5.3 Types of Offshore Wells -- 5.3.1 Subsea Wells -- 5.3.2 Platform Wells -- 5.4 Types of Offshore Production Units -- 5.4.1 Bottom Supported and Vertically Moored Structures -- 5.4.2 Floating Production Systems -- 5.5 Manned and Unmanned Platforms -- 5.5.1 Manned Platforms -- 5.5.2 Unmanned Platforms -- 5.6 Mooring Systems for Floating Units -- 5.6.1 Spread Mooring Systems -- 5.6.2 Turret Mooring Systems -- 5.6.3 Conventional Buoy Mooring System -- 5.6.4 Offshore Mooring Patterns -- 5.6.5 Dynamic Positioning -- 5.7 Anchoring Types -- 5.8 Moonpool -- References -- 6 Work Classification and Selection of Working Units -- 6.1 P&amp -- A Code System.

6.1.1 Well Location -- 6.1.2 Abandonment Phases -- 6.1.3 Abandonment Complexity -- 6.2 Time and Cost Estimation of a P&amp -- A Operation -- 6.2.1 Description of Factors -- 6.2.2 Traditional Method for Time Estimation -- 6.2.3 Probabilistic Method for Time Estimation -- 6.2.4 Regression Method for Time Estimation -- References -- 7 Fundamentals of Plug Placement -- 7.1 Openhole Plug Placement -- 7.1.1 Fluid Removal -- 7.1.2 Milling Fluid -- 7.1.3 Hydraulic Mud Removal -- 7.1.4 Mechanical Filter Cake Removal -- 7.2 Cased Hole Plug Placement -- 7.2.1 Qualified Annular Barrier -- 7.2.2 Disqualified Annular Barrier -- 7.3 Plug Placement Techniques -- 7.3.1 Balanced-Plug Method -- 7.3.2 Two-Plug Method -- 7.3.3 Dump Bailer Method -- 7.3.4 Coiled Tubing Method -- 7.4 Mud Displacement During Cementing -- 7.5 Verification of Placement Operation -- References -- 8 Tools and Techniques for Plug and Abandonment -- 8.1 Casing Cut and Removal Techniques -- 8.1.1 Cut-and-Pull Casing -- 8.1.2 Casing Milling -- 8.1.3 Casing Section Milling -- 8.1.4 Upward Milling -- 8.2 Perforate, Wash and Cement Technique -- 8.2.1 Concept Behind the Technique -- 8.3 Explosives to Establish Annular Barrier -- 8.4 Melting Downhole Completion -- 8.5 Plasma-Based Milling -- 8.5.1 Concept Behind the Technology -- 8.5.2 Scientific Background of the Technology -- 8.6 Wellhead Cut and Removal -- 8.6.1 Explosive Cutting -- 8.6.2 Hot Cutting -- 8.6.3 Mechanical Methods -- 8.6.4 Abrasive Methods -- 8.6.5 Laser Cutting -- References -- 9 Barrier Verification -- 9.1 Annular Barrier Verification -- 9.1.1 Acoustic Logging of Annular Barrier -- 9.1.2 Noise Logging Measurements -- 9.1.3 Temperature Logging -- 9.1.4 Hydraulic Pressure Testing -- 9.2 Internal Barrier Verification/Plug Inside Openhole or Casing -- 9.2.1 Hydraulic Pressure Testing -- 9.2.2 Weight Testing.

9.3 Hydraulic Pressure Equivalent to Drillpipe Tag Weight -- References.