Ray Tracing Gems : : High-Quality and Real-Time Rendering with DXR and Other APIs.

• Author: Haines, Eric.
• TeilnehmendeR: Akenine-Möller, Tomas.
• Place / Publishing House: Berkeley, CA : : Apress L. P.,, 2019.; ©2019.
• Year of Publication: 2019
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (622 pages)

Table of Contents

• Intro
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• Foreword
• Contributors
• Notation
• Part I: Ray Tracing Basics
• Chapter 1: Ray Tracing Terminology
• 1.1 Historical Notes
• 1.2 Definitions
• Chapter 2: What is a Ray?
• 2.1 Mathematical Description of a Ray
• 2.2 Ray Intervals
• 2.3 Rays in DXR
• 2.4 Conclusion
• Chapter 3: Introduction to DirectX Raytracing
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Overview
• 3.3 Getting Started
• 3.4 The DirectX Raytracing Pipeline
• 3.5 New HLSL Support for DirectX Raytracing
• 3.5.1 Launching a New Ray in HLSL
• 3.5.2 Controlling Ray Traversal in HLSL
• 3.5.3 Additional HLSL Intrinsics
• 3.6 A Simple HLSL Ray Tracing Example
• 3.7 Overview of Host Initialization for DirectX Raytracing
• 3.7.1 Insight into the Mental Model
• 3.8 Basic DXR Initialization and Setup
• 3.8.1 Geometry and Acceleration Structures
• 3.8.1.1 Bottom-Level Acceleration Structure
• 3.8.1.2 Top-Level Acceleration Structure
• 3.8.2 Root Signatures
• 3.8.3 Shader Compilation
• 3.9 Ray Tracing Pipeline State Objects
• 3.10 Shader Tables
• 3.11 Dispatching Rays
• 3.12 Digging Deeper and Additional Resources
• 3.13 Conclusion
• Chapter 4: A Planetarium Dome Master Camera
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Methods
• 4.2.1 Computing Ray Directions from Viewport Coordinates
• 4.2.2 Circular Stereoscopic Projection
• 4.2.3 Depth of Field
• 4.2.4 Antialiasing
• 4.3 Planetarium Dome Master Projection Sample Code
• Chapter 5: Computing Minima and Maxima of Subarrays
• 5.1 Motivation
• 5.2 Naive Full Table Lookup
• 5.3 The Sparse Table Method
• 5.4 The (Recursive) Range Tree Method
• 5.5 Iterative Range Tree Queries
• 5.6 Results
• 5.7 Summary
• Part II: Intersections and Efficiency
• Chapter 6: A Fast and Robust Method for Avoiding Self-Intersection
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Method.
• 6.2.1 Calculating the Intersection Point on the Surface
• 6.2.2 Avoiding Self-Intersection
• 6.2.2.1 Exclusion Using the Primitive Identifier
• 6.2.2.2 Limiting the Ray Interval
• 6.2.2.3 Offsetting Along the Shading Normal or the Old Ray Direction
• 6.2.2.4 Adaptive Offsetting Along the Geometric Normal
• 6.3 Conclusion
• Chapter 7: Precision Improvements for  Ray/Sphere Intersection
• 7.1 Basic Ray/Sphere Intersection
• 7.2 Floating-Point Precision Considerations
• 7.3 Related Resources
• Chapter 8: Cool Patches: A Geometric Approach to Ray/Bilinear Patch Intersections
• 8.1 Introduction and Prior Art
• 8.1.1 Performance Measurements
• 8.1.2 Mesh Quadrangulation
• 8.2 GARP Details
• 8.3 Discussion of Results
• 8.4 Code
• Chapter 9: Multi-Hit Ray Tracing in DXR
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Implementation
• 9.2.1 Naive Multi-Hit Traversal
• 9.2.2 Node-Culling Multi-Hit BVH Traversal
• 9.3 Results
• 9.3.1 Performance Measurements
• 9.3.1.1 Find First Intersection
• 9.3.1.2 Find All Intersections
• 9.3.1.3 Find Some Intersections
• 9.3.2 Discussion
• 9.4 Conclusions
• Chapter 10: A Simple Load-Balancing Scheme with High Scaling Efficiency
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Requirements
• 10.3 Load Balancing
• 10.3.1 Naive Tiling
• 10.3.2 Task Size
• 10.3.3 Task Distribution
• 10.3.4 Image Assembly
• 10.4 Results
• Part III: Reflections, Refractions, and Shadows
• Chapter 11: Automatic Handling of Materials in Nested Volumes
• 11.1 Modeling Volumes
• 11.1.1 Unique Borders
• 11.1.2 Additional Air Gap
• 11.1.3 Overlapping Hulls
• 11.2 Algorithm
• 11.2.1 Implementation
• 11.3 Limitations
• Chapter 12: A Microfacet-Based Shadowing Function to Solve the Bump Terminator Problem
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Previous Work
• 12.3 Method
• 12.3.1 The Normal Distribution.
• 12.3.2 The Shadowing Function
• 12.4 Results
• Chapter 13: Ray Traced Shadows: Maintaining Real-Time Frame Rates
• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.2 Related Work
• 13.3 Ray Traced Shadows
• 13.4 Adaptive Sampling
• 13.4.1 Temporal Reprojection
• 13.4.2 Identifying Penumbra Regions
• 13.4.3 Computing the Number of Samples
• 13.4.4 Sampling Mask
• 13.4.5 Computing Visibility Values
• 13.4.5.1 Temporal Filtering
• 13.4.5.2 Spatial Filtering
• 13.5 Implementation
• 13.5.1 Sample-Set Generation
• 13.5.2 Distance-Based Light Culling
• 13.5.3 Limiting the Total Sample Count
• 13.5.4 Forward Rendering Pipeline Integration
• 13.6 Results
• 13.6.1 Comparison with Shadow Mapping
• 13.6.2 Soft Shadows versus Hard Shadows
• 13.6.3 Limitations
• 13.7 Conclusion and Future Work
• 13.7.1 Future Work
• Chapter 14: Ray-Guided Volumetric Water Caustics in Single Scattering Media with DXR
• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.2 Volumetric Lighting and Refracted Light
• 14.3 Algorithm
• 14.3.1 Compute Beam Compression Ratios
• 14.3.2 Render Caustics Map
• 14.3.3 Ray Trace Refracted Caustics Map and Accumulate Surface Caustics
• 14.3.4 Adaptively Tessellate the Triangles of the Water Surface
• 14.3.5 Build Triangular Beam Volumes
• 14.3.6 Render Volumetric Caustics Using Additive Blending
• 14.3.7 Combine Surface Caustics and Volumetric Caustics
• 14.4 Implementation Details
• 14.5 Results
• 14.6 Future Work
• 14.7 Demo
• Part IV: Sampling
• Chapter 15: On the Importance of Sampling
• 15.1 Introduction
• 15.2 Example: Ambient Occlusion
• 15.3 Understanding Variance
• 15.4 Direct Illumination
• 15.5 Conclusion
• Chapter 16: Sampling Transformations Zoo
• 16.1 The Mechanics of Sampling
• 16.2 Introduction to Distributions
• 16.3 One-Dimensional Distributions
• 16.3.1 Linear
• 16.3.2 Tent.
• 16.3.3 Normal Distribution
• 16.3.4 Sampling from a One-Dimensional Discrete Distribution
• 16.3.4.1 Just Once
• 16.3.4.2 Multiple Times
• 16.4 Two-Dimensional Distributions
• 16.4.1 Bilinear
• 16.4.2 A Distribution Given a Two-Dimensional Texture
• 16.4.2.1 Rejection Sampling
• 16.4.2.2 Multi-Dimensional Inversion Method
• 16.4.2.3 Hierarchical Transformation
• 16.5 Uniformly Sampling Surfaces
• 16.5.1 Disk
• 16.5.1.1 Polar Mapping
• 16.5.1.2 Concentric Mapping
• 16.5.2 Triangle
• 16.5.2.1 Warping
• 16.5.2.2 Flipping
• 16.5.3 Triangle Mesh
• 16.5.4 Sphere
• 16.5.4.1 Latitude-Longitude Mapping
• 16.5.4.2 Octahedral Concentric (Uniform) Map
• 16.6 Sampling Directions
• 16.6.1 Cosine-Weighted Hemisphere Oriented to the z-Axis
• 16.6.2 Cosine-Weighted Hemisphere Oriented to a Vector
• 16.6.3 Directions in a Cone
• 16.6.4 Phong Distribution
• 16.6.5 GGX Distribution
• 16.7 Volume Scattering
• 16.7.1 Distances in a Volume
• 16.7.1.1 Homogeneous Media
• 16.7.1.2 Inhomogeneous Media
• 16.7.2 Henyey-Greenstein Phase Function
• 16.8 Adding to the Zoo Collection
• Chapter 17: Ignoring the Inconvenient When Tracing Rays
• 17.1 Introduction
• 17.2 Motivation
• 17.3 Clamping
• 17.4 Path Regularization
• 17.5 Conclusion
• Chapter 18: Importance Sampling of Many Lights on the GPU
• 18.1 Introduction
• 18.2 Review of Previous Algorithms
• 18.2.1 Real-Time Light Culling
• 18.2.2 Many-Light Algorithms
• 18.2.3 Light Importance Sampling
• 18.3 Foundations
• 18.3.1 Lighting Integrals
• 18.3.2 Importance Sampling
• 18.3.2.1 Monte Carlo Method
• 18.3.2.2 Light Selection Importance Sampling
• 18.3.2.3 Light Source Sampling
• 18.3.3 Ray Tracing of Lights
• 18.4 Algorithm
• 18.4.1 Light Preprocessing
• 18.4.2 Acceleration Structure
• 18.4.2.1 Building the BVH.
• 18.4.2.2 Light Orientation Cone
• 18.4.2.3 Defining the Split Plane
• 18.4.3 Light Importance Sampling
• 18.4.3.1 Probabilistic BVH Traversal
• 18.4.3.2 Random Number Usage
• 18.4.3.3 Sampling the Leaf Node
• 18.4.3.4 Sampling the Light Source
• 18.5 Results
• 18.5.1 Performance
• 18.5.1.1 Acceleration Structure Construction
• 18.5.1.2 Render Time per Frame
• 18.5.2 Image Quality
• 18.5.2.1 Build Options
• 18.5.2.2 Triangle Amount per Leaf Node
• 18.5.2.3 Sampling Methods
• 18.6 Conclusion
• Part V: Denoising and Filtering
• Chapter 19: Cinematic Rendering in UE4 with  Real-Time Ray Tracing and Denoising
• 19.1 Introduction
• 19.2 Integrating Ray Tracing in Unreal Engine 4
• 19.2.1 Phase 1: Experimental Integration
• 19.2.1.1 DirectX Raytracing Background on Acceleration Structures
• 19.2.1.2 Experimental Extensions to the UE4 RHI
• 19.2.1.3 Registering Geometry for a Variety of Engine Primitives
• 19.2.1.4 Updating the Ray Tracing Representation of the Scene
• 19.2.1.5 Iterating over All Objects
• 19.2.1.6 Customizing Shaders for Ray Traced Rendering
• 19.2.1.7 Batch Commit of Shader Parameters of Multiple Ray Types
• 19.2.1.8 Updating Instance Transformation
• 19.2.1.9 Building Acceleration Structures
• 19.2.1.10 Miss Shaders
• 19.2.2 Phase 2
• 19.2.2.1 Tier 1
• 19.2.2.2 Tier 2
• 19.2.2.3 Tier 3
• 19.3 Real-Time Ray Tracing and Denoising
• 19.3.1 Ray Traced Shadows
• 19.3.1.1 Lighting Evaluation
• 19.3.1.2 Shadow Denoising
• 19.3.2 Ray Traced Reflections
• 19.3.2.1 Simplified Reflection Shading
• 19.3.2.2 Denoising for Glossy Reflections
• 19.3.2.3 Specular Shading with Ray Traced Reflections
• 19.3.3 Ray Traced Diffuse Global Illumination
• 19.3.3.1 Ambient Occlusion
• 19.3.3.2 Indirect Diffuse from Light Maps
• 19.3.3.3 Real-Time Global Illumination.
• 19.3.3.4 Denoising for Ambient Occlusion and Diffuse Global Illumination.