The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment : : Mountains, Climate Change, Sustainability and People.

The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment : : Mountains, Climate Change, Sustainability and People.

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Bibliographic Details
:
Wester, Philippus.
TeilnehmendeR:
Mishra, Arabinda.
Mukherji, Aditi.
Shrestha, Arun Bhakta.
Place / Publishing House:Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2019.
Ã2019.
Year of Publication:2019
Edition:1st ed.
Language:English
Online Access:
Physical Description:1 online resource (638 pages)
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Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Foreword
  • Contents
  • 1 Introduction to the Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment
  • 1.1 Global Mountain Perspective
  • 1.2 The Hindu Kush Himalaya-A Global Asset
  • 1.3 Key Issues of the HKH
  • 1.4 Overall Objective, Rationale and Key Questions
  • 1.4.1 Overall Objective
  • 1.4.2 Rationale for the Assessment
  • 1.4.3 Key Questions
  • 1.5 Vision
  • 1.6 HKH Priorities Contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals
  • 1.7 Conceptual Framing of the Assessment
  • 1.8 Assessment Process
  • 1.9 Outline of the Assessment
  • References
  • 2 Drivers of Change to Mountain Sustainability in the Hindu Kush Himalaya
  • 2.1 Pillars and Drivers of Sustainability in HKH Mountains
  • 2.2 Environmental Drivers of Change to Mountain Sustainability
  • 2.2.1 Land Use and Land Cover Change
  • 2.2.2 Over-Exploitation of Natural Resources
  • 2.2.2.1 Extraction of Non-timber Forest Products (NTFPs)
  • 2.2.2.2 Unsustainable Grazing
  • 2.2.2.3 Illegal Hunting
  • 2.2.2.4 Tourism
  • 2.2.2.5 Mining
  • 2.2.3 Pollution
  • 2.2.3.1 Water Pollution: Organic and Inorganic
  • 2.2.3.2 Solid Waste and Soil Pollution
  • 2.2.3.3 Sources of Pollution
  • 2.2.4 Invasive Alien Species (IAS)
  • 2.2.4.1 Status of IAS Studies in HKH
  • 2.2.4.2 Pathways of Introduction
  • 2.2.4.3 Major Effects at Ecosystem Level
  • 2.2.5 Mountain Hazards
  • 2.2.5.1 Types of Mountain Hazards: Earthquakes, Landslides, and Erosion
  • 2.2.5.2 Effects of Mountain Hazards: Casualties, Financial Loss, Farmland Loss, Damaged Roads
  • 2.2.5.3 Impact of Mountain Hazards Amplified by Climate Change
  • 2.2.6 Climate Change and Variability
  • 2.2.6.1 Environmental Effects
  • 2.2.6.2 Socioeconomic Effects
  • 2.3 Sociocultural Drivers of Change to Mountain Sustainability
  • 2.3.1 Changing Demographic Situation
  • 2.3.2 Changing Sociocultural Situation
  • 2.3.3 Governance Systems and Institutions.
  • 2.3.4 External Knowledge and Technological Innovations
  • 2.3.4.1 Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
  • 2.3.4.2 Geospatial Technology and Improved Regional Perspectives
  • 2.3.4.3 Biotechnological Applications in Agricultural Production Systems
  • 2.4 Economic Drivers of Change to Mountain Sustainability
  • 2.4.1 Economic Growth and Differentiation
  • 2.4.2 Rapid Infrastructure Development
  • 2.4.3 Urban and Peri-urban Expansion
  • 2.4.3.1 National and Regional Capitals
  • 2.4.3.2 New Hotspots of Territorialization
  • 2.4.3.3 Old Urbanization with Own Production Systems
  • 2.4.3.4 Resort Towns for Tourism and Second Homes
  • 2.4.3.5 Local Centres
  • 2.5 Conclusions
  • References
  • 3 Unravelling Climate Change in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: Rapid Warming in the Mountains and Increasing Extremes
  • 3.1 Our Understanding of the HKH Climate Needs to Be Improved
  • 3.2 Weather and Climate Mean Conditions in the HKH
  • 3.2.1 Major Features of Climatology: Topographic Control, Seasons, and Liquid and Solid Precipitation
  • 3.2.2 Climate Dominated by Monsoon
  • 3.2.3 Climate Influenced by Large-Scale Climate Elements
  • 3.3 Past HKH Climate Changes Were at Decadal to Greater Than Multi-millennial Time Scales
  • 3.3.1 Significant Warming Characterized HKH Surface Air Temperature Trends in Past Decades
  • 3.3.2 Precipitation Did Not Show Clear Trends in the Past Decades
  • 3.3.3 Decreasing Near-Surface Wind Speed, Solar Radiation, and Sunshine Duration Indicated by Scanty Data
  • 3.3.4 Significant Changes in the Temperature and Precipitation Extremes in Past Decades
  • 3.3.5 Progressively Greater Warming with Elevation
  • 3.4 Climate Models Project Increases in HKH Temperature and Precipitation in the 21st Century
  • 3.4.1 Significant Warming Projected, Greater Than Global Average.
  • 3.4.2 Precipitation Projected to Increase, but with Regional Diversity
  • 3.5 Limitations and Gaps in the Analysis
  • Annex 1: Data and Methods for Analysis of Past Temperature
  • Annex 2: Data and Methods for Analysis of Past Precipitation
  • Annex 3: Analysis of CMIP5 Data
  • Annex 4: Analysis of CORDEX Data
  • References
  • 4 Exploring Futures of the Hindu Kush Himalaya: Scenarios and Pathways
  • 4.1 HKH Scenarios for 2080
  • 4.1.1 Global Scenarios and Regional Outlooks
  • 4.1.2 Challenges and Opportunities for the HKH
  • 4.1.3 Storyline for HKH Scenario: "Downhill"
  • 4.1.4 Storyline for HKH Scenario: "Business as Usual"
  • 4.1.5 Storyline for HKH Scenario: "Prosperous HKH"
  • 4.2 HKH Baseline in 2015
  • 4.2.1 National Considerations
  • 4.3 Tracking Trends and Commitments for 2030: SDG's and NDC's in the HKH
  • 4.3.1 Existing Sectoral Commitments Toward 2030 Sectoral/Thematic Considerations
  • 4.4 Two Paths Toward a Prosperous HKH
  • 4.4.1 Major Emerging Opportunities in the HKH
  • 4.4.2 Two Pathways and Distinguishing Actions
  • 4.4.3 Two Pathways but Common Actions
  • 4.4.4 Actions to Avoid Downhill and Business as Usual (BAU) Scenarios
  • 4.5 Beyond 2050 to 2080: Knowledge Gaps and Ways Forward
  • References
  • 5 Sustaining Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in the Hindu Kush Himalaya
  • 5.1 Mountain Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: A Major Global Asset Under Threat
  • 5.2 The Rich Biodiversity of the HKH Region
  • 5.2.1 Ecosystem Diversity
  • 5.2.2 Species Diversity
  • 5.2.3 Genetic Diversity
  • 5.2.4 Functional Diversity
  • 5.3 Ecosystem Services-The Source of Human Wellbeing
  • 5.3.1 Social Value of Ecosystem Services
  • 5.3.2 Cultural Value of Ecosystem Services
  • 5.3.3 Ecological Value of Ecosystem Services
  • 5.3.4 Economic Value of Ecosystem Services
  • 5.3.5 Changing Ecosystem Services of the HKH Region.
  • 5.3.6 Trade-offs and Synergies-Implications for Development
  • 5.4 Conservation and Management Practices
  • 5.4.1 Flagship and Keystone Species Conservation
  • 5.4.2 Protected Areas Management
  • 5.4.3 Conservation Through Traditional Knowledge
  • 5.4.4 The Landscape Approach-Recognizing Complexity and Understanding Linkages
  • 5.4.5 Participatory Forest Resources Management Practices
  • 5.4.6 National and International Policies and Legislations-Support for Biodiversity Conservation
  • 5.5 Sustaining Ecosystems-Challenges, Opportunities, and Strategies
  • 5.5.1 An Integrated Approach-The Landscape as a Socio-Ecological System
  • 5.5.2 Building Knowledge-Science in Support of Decision-Making
  • 5.5.3 Regional Cooperation for Regional Challenges and Opportunities
  • 5.5.4 National and Global Investment-Securing Future of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
  • 5.6 Conclusion
  • References
  • 6 Meeting Future Energy Needs in the Hindu Kush Himalaya
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.1.1 Setting the Scene: The Transition Challenge
  • 6.1.2 Transformation in Energy Systems: Multidimensional Linkages
  • 6.1.3 Framework and Roadmap
  • 6.2 Energy Demand and Supply-Trends and Patterns
  • 6.2.1 Biophysical and Socioeconomic Context Shaping Energy Demand
  • 6.2.2 Energy Demand and Consumption Characteristics
  • 6.2.3 Ensuring Sustainable Energy Supply
  • 6.3 National Energy Policies, Programmes, Institutions, and Markets
  • 6.3.1 Energy in Relation to National Development Strategies
  • 6.3.2 National Energy Policy Framework, Programmes, and Markets
  • 6.3.3 Cross-Regional Experiences and Recommendations
  • 6.4 Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Energy
  • 6.4.1 Key Sustainable Energy Concerns in the HKH
  • 6.4.2 Links Between Energy and the SDGs: Synergies and Trade-offs
  • 6.4.3 Assessing the Vulnerability of Vital Energy Services and Systems.
  • 6.4.4 Overcoming Barriers and Seizing Potential Opportunities
  • 6.5 Future Energy Scenarios and Pathways
  • 6.5.1 Future Energy Scenarios of HKH Countries
  • 6.5.2 Pathways Towards Rural Electrification
  • 6.5.3 Pathways Towards Sustainable Clean Cooking Energy
  • 6.5.4 A Sustainable Energy Future: Barriers and Opportunities
  • 6.6 Energy Cooperation in HKH: National, Regional, and Global Linkages
  • 6.6.1 Energy Challenges and Regional Cooperation
  • 6.6.2 Models for Energy Cooperation
  • 6.6.3 Role of Multi-level Governance in Securing Sustainable Energy in HKH
  • 6.6.4 Climate Change, Energy Resilience, and Regional Energy Cooperation
  • 6.7 Way Forward
  • References
  • 7 Status and Change of the Cryosphere in the Extended Hindu Kush Himalaya Region
  • 7.1 Situating the Cryosphere in the Hindu Kush Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau-Pamir Region
  • 7.1.1 Defining the Extended HKH Region from a Cryosphere Perspective
  • 7.1.2 Regional Climate
  • 7.2 Snow
  • 7.2.1 Monitoring of Snow
  • 7.2.1.1 Field Measurement
  • 7.2.1.2 Remote Sensing Measurement
  • 7.2.1.3 Regional Differences in Snow Cover
  • 7.2.2 Observed Changes
  • 7.2.2.1 Hindu Kush-Himalaya-Karakoram
  • 7.2.2.2 Pamir
  • 7.2.2.3 Tibetan Plateau
  • 7.2.3 Projected Changes
  • 7.2.4 Recommendations
  • 7.3 Glaciers
  • 7.3.1 Measuring Glacier Change
  • 7.3.1.1 Glacier Area
  • 7.3.1.2 Glacier Volume
  • 7.3.1.3 In Situ Mass Balance Measurements and Reference Glaciers
  • 7.3.2 Observed Changes
  • 7.3.2.1 Hindu Kush-Himalaya-Karakoram
  • 7.3.2.2 Pamir
  • 7.3.2.3 Tibetan Plateau
  • 7.3.3 Glacier Projections
  • 7.3.3.1 Near-Term Glacier Change (2030)
  • 7.3.3.2 Medium-Term Glacier Change (2050)
  • 7.3.3.3 Long-Term Glacier Change (2080 and 2100)
  • 7.3.4 Recommendations
  • 7.4 Glacial Lakes
  • 7.4.1 Occurrence
  • 7.4.2 Observed Change
  • 7.4.3 Projections
  • 7.4.4 Recommendations
  • 7.5 Permafrost.
  • 7.5.1 Occurrence.

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