One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare : : Research, Deployment, Consequences.

• Author: Friedrich, Bretislav.
• TeilnehmendeR: Hoffmann, Dieter.; Renn, Jürgen.; Schmaltz, Florian.; Wolf, Martin.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2017.; ©2017.
• Year of Publication: 2017
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (404 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- Research on and Deployment of Chemical Weapons in World War I -- 2 The Scientist as Expert: Fritz Haber and German Chemical Warfare During the First World War and Beyond -- Abstract -- References -- 3 From Berlin-Dahlem to the Fronts of World War I: The Role of Fritz Haber and His Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in German Chemical Warfare -- Abstract -- 1 The Run-up to Ypres -- 2 Ypres, 22 April, 1915, 1700 GMT -- 3 The Indispensable Fritz Haber -- 4 Haber's Kaiser Wilhelm Institute Under Military Command -- 5 Haber's Views on Chemical Warfare -- 6 The Legacy of Ypres -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Additional Open Access Information -- 4 Clara Immerwahr: A Life in the Shadow of Fritz Haber -- Abstract -- 1 Prolog -- 2 Clara Immerwahr's Background -- 3 The Scientific Work of Clara Immerwahr -- 4 Clara's Husband: Fritz Haber -- 5 Clara Haber's Suicide -- 6 The "Myth of Clara Immerwahr" -- 7 Epilog -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Addition to Open Access Information -- 5 France's Political and Military Reaction in the Aftermath of the First German Chemical Offensive in April 1915: The Road to Retaliation in Kind -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Retaliation in Kind: A Purely Military Decision -- 3 Between Eagerness and Constraints: Organizing the Chemical Response -- 4 Chemical War: Scientific War, Industrial War -- 5 Retaliation in Kind: Towards Total War -- References -- 6 Preparing for Poison Warfare: The Ethics and Politics of Britain's Chemical Weapons Program, 1915-1945 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ypres 1915 -- 3 Porton Down -- 4 Servants of the Realm -- 5 Crisis of Legitimacy -- 6 Collaboration -- 7 The Geneva Protocol -- 8 Foreboding -- 9 Ethical Relativism -- References.

7 Challenging the Laws of War by Technology, Blazing Nationalism and Militarism: Debating Chemical Warfare Before and After Ypres, 1899-1925 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction: Chemical Weapons as the Subject of Juridification, Politicization, and Circumvention of Law -- 2 Codifying War Technologies in International Law Around 1900 -- 2.1 Restrictions on the Means and Methods of Warfare: The Regulations in International Law of 1868, 1899, and 1907 -- 2.1.1 The Principle of Humanity: The Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868 -- 2.1.2 The Impotent Model: The Brussels Declaration on Land Warfare of 1874 -- 2.1.3 The First Poison Prohibition in International Treaty Law: The Declaration on the Use of Projectiles with Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases and the Hague Convention on Land Warfare of 1899 -- 2.2 No Notion of What Lay Ahead: The Intense Legal Discourse on the Hague Convention and Uncontroversial Interpretations of the Prohibition of Poison Prior to 1915 -- 3 Militarization and Circumvention of Law: Debates on International Law During the Continental War with Gas, 1915-1918 -- 3.1 International Law: Alive, but not Kicking -- 3.1.1 Scholarly Publications on International Law During World War I -- 3.1.2 Unclear Motives for and Few Scruples About the Use of Poison: Ex Post Justifications -- 3.1.3 Was the German Employment of Poison Gas a Symptom of General Disdain for International Law? -- 3.2 The Law Comes Later: The Weak Normative Discourse on Gas Warfare After the German Attack -- 3.2.1 The Lack of Protest: Political Voices and Official Reports -- 3.2.2 The Daily Press: Restraint, Disinformation, and Loud Silence -- 3.3 Possible Interpretations: Raison de Guerre as Its Own Form of Normativity? -- 3.3.1 Older Traditions of Disregard for International Law -- 3.3.2 Normative Plurality and Renouncing International Law: The Nature of the Laws of War.

3.3.3 Cruel, Unmanly, and Unchivalrous: The Military's Aversion to the Use of Poison -- 4 The Continuing Politicization of International Law: The Legal Assessment of War Crimes, 1918-1925 -- 4.1 Crime and Argument: The Intense Discourse After the End of World War I -- 4.2 Self-justifications: The Nationalist Polarization of International Law -- 4.3 Politicized Scholarship: No Mediation Possible -- 4.4 Reforms as Affirmation of the Prohibition of Poison in International Law -- 4.4.1 Asymmetric New Paths: The Prohibitions of the Production and Possession of Weapons in the Paris Peace Treaties of 1919 -- 4.4.2 Pacifist Efforts: Initiatives by the League of Nations -- 4.4.3 An Expression of the General Opinion of the Civilized World: The Washington Treaty of 1922 -- 4.4.4 Reassuring One's Principles: The Geneva Protocol on Poison Gas of 1925 -- 5 Summary: Expectations Regarding International Law -- References -- 8 Military-Industrial Interactions in the Development of Chemical Warfare, 1914-1918: Comparing National Cases Within the Technological System of the Great War -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Western Front as a Technological Meta-System -- 3 Chemical Weapons as an Illustrative Case -- 4 Industrial Mobilization for Chemical Warfare: The Experimental Phase, 1914-15 -- 5 Scaling up, Innovation and Integration, 1915-17 -- 6 Culmination of the Chemical War, 1917-1918 -- 7 Concluding Reflections -- References -- Contexts and Consequences of Chemical Weapons -- 9 The Gas War, 1915-1918: If not a War Winner, Hardly a Failure -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Debate -- 3 Gas: Not a War Winner -- 4 The Challenge of Chemical Warfare -- 5 Effectiveness of the Gas War -- References -- 10 "Gas, Gas, Gaas!" The Poison Gas War in the Literature and Visual Arts of Interwar Europe -- Abstract -- Part I -- Part II -- References.

11 The Genie and the Bottle: Reflections on the Fate of the Geneva Protocol in the United States, 1918-1928 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Science and the Great War -- 3 The Coming of Geneva -- 4 A Protocol Post-mortem -- 5 Summing up the Senate -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 12 The Soldier's Body in Gas Warfare: Trauma, Illness, Rentennot, 1915-1933 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Perceptions in the Field -- 3 Gas and Psyche -- 4 Weimar to the Nazi Period-the Need of the Traumatized -- 5 Summary -- References -- 13 Chemical Weapons Research on Soldiers and Concentration Camp Inmates in Nazi Germany -- Abstract -- 1 Organizational Structures of Chemical Warfare Research in Germany -- 2 Chemical Weapons Research on Humans in Military and Academic Institutions -- 3 Experiments in Concentration Camps -- 3.1 Sachsenhausen -- 3.2 Natzweiler -- 3.2.1 The Sulphur Mustard Experiments of August Hirt -- 3.2.2 The Phosgene Experiments of Otto Bickenbach -- 3.2.3 New Series of Phosgene Experiments in June and August 1944 -- 3.3 Neuengamme -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 14 No Retaliation in Kind: Japanese Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II -- Abstract -- References -- 15 The 1925 Geneva Protocol: China's CBW Charges Against Japan at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 World War II and the Post-war IMTFE -- 3 Retrieving CBW Evidence from China, 1946 -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Dual Use, Storage and Disposal of Chemical Weapons Today -- 16 The Reconstruction of Production and Storage Sites for Chemical Warfare Agents and Weapons from Both World Wars in the Context of Assessing Former Munitions Sites -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Ammendorf Factory of Orgacid GmbH -- 3 The History of Falkenhagen Factory of Monturon GmbH, Development, the Structure of the Buildings, and Production.

4 Production at the Falkenhagen Factory -- 4.1 Brief Description of the Facilities at the Factory -- 5 The Development of N-Stoff Production -- 5.1 The Buildings of the N-Stoff Plant at the "Seewerk" Falkenhagen -- 6 The Development of the Nerve Gases Tabun and Sarin -- 7 The Manufacturing Processes for Sarin -- 8 Vereinigte Flussspatgruben GmbH in Stulln -- 9 The Dyhernfurth Factory of Anorgana GmbH -- 10 The Filling and Storage of Chemical Weapons in the Munitions Facilities of the Army and Air Force -- 11 The Chemical Weapons Complex in Munster -- 12 Other Munitions Sites with Filling Plants for Chemical Weapons -- 13 Dismantling Work After the First World War -- 14 Summary and Prospects -- References and Source Materials -- 17 From Charles and Francis Darwin to Richard Nixon: The Origin and Termination of Anti-plant Chemical Warfare in Vietnam -- Abstract -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 18 The Indelible Smell of Apples: Poison Gas Survivors in Halabja, Kurdistan-Iraq, and Their Struggle for Recognition -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction: The Indelible Smell of Apples -- 2 Background -- 3 The Anfal Campaign and the Poison Gas Attack Against Halabja in 1988 -- 4 The Situation of Survivors of the Poison Gas Attacks -- 4.1 Haunting Memories, Enduring Grief -- 4.2 Survivors' Life Conditions Between 1988 and 2003 -- 4.3 Changes After 2003 -- 5 New Threats, New Fear, and Joint Initiatives of Poison Gas Survivors -- References -- Films -- 19 The Use of Chemical Weapons in Syria: Implications and Consequences -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Early Reports of Chemical Weapons Use in the Syrian Civil War -- 3 The Secretary-General's Investigation -- 4 The Elimination of the Syrian Chemical Weapons Program -- 5 Chemical Weapons Destruction at Sea -- 6 New Incidents of Chemical Weapons Uses -- 7 Attribution and Accountability -- 8 Conclusions -- References.

Commemoration Ceremony.