Solar Particle Radiation Storms Forecasting and Analysis : : The HESPERIA HORIZON 2020 Project and Beyond.

• Superior document: Astrophysics and Space Science Library ; v.444
• Author: Malandraki, Olga E.
• TeilnehmendeR: Crosby, Norma B.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2018.; ©2018.
• Year of Publication: 2018
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Astrophysics and Space Science Library
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (210 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Solar Energetic Particles and Space Weather: Science and Applications -- 1.1 Science -- 1.1.1 Historical Perspective of Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) Events -- 1.1.2 Large Gradual SEP Events -- 1.1.3 Ground Level Enhancement (GLE) Events -- 1.1.4 Multi-Spacecraft Observations of SEP Events -- 1.1.5 Particle Acceleration -- 1.1.6 Key Open Questions and Future Missions -- 1.2 Applications -- 1.2.1 Why Study SEP Events? -- 1.2.2 SEP Effects on Technology -- 1.2.3 SEPs and Human Health Effects -- 1.2.4 Mitigating the Effects of SEPs -- 1.2.4.1 Hazard Assessment -- 1.2.4.2 Mitigation Procedures -- References -- 2 Eruptive Activity Related to Solar Energetic Particle Events -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Scene -- 2.3 Solar Flares: Energy Release and Radiative Signatures of Charged Particle Acceleration -- 2.3.1 Emission Processes -- 2.3.1.1 Bremsstrahlung -- 2.3.1.2 Gyrosynchrotron Radiation -- 2.3.1.3 Plasma Emission from Electron Beams -- 2.3.1.4 Gamma-Rays from Accelerated Protons and Ions -- 2.3.2 Where Are Electrons Accelerated in Solar Flares? -- 2.3.3 A Qualitative View of Acceleration Processes -- 2.4 What Is a Coronal Mass Ejection? -- 2.4.1 CME Magnetic Structure and Eruption -- 2.4.2 Shock Waves and Particle Acceleration at CMEs -- 2.5 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 3 Particle Acceleration Mechanisms -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Acceleration Mechanisms -- 3.2.1 Large-Scale Electric Field Acceleration -- 3.2.2 Resonant Wave Acceleration -- 3.2.3 Shock Acceleration -- 3.2.4 Compressional Acceleration and Collapsing Magnetic Traps -- 3.2.5 Stochastic Acceleration -- 3.3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 4 Charged Particle Transport in the Interplanetary Medium -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Energetic Particles in the Solar System.

4.1.2 The Interplanetary Magnetic Field -- 4.1.3 Motion of Charged Particles. First Adiabatic Invariant -- 4.2 Particle Transport -- 4.2.1 Particle Transport Equations -- 4.2.2 Focused Transport -- 4.2.3 Diffusive Transport -- 4.3 Application: Description of Solar Energetic Particle Events -- 4.3.1 Numerical Techniques -- 4.3.2 Observations -- 4.3.3 Inferring Transport Conditions -- 4.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 Cosmic Ray Particle Transport in the Earth's Magnetosphere -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field: Lorentz Force -- 5.3 Earth's Magnetic Field -- 5.3.1 The Magnetic Field of the Earth as a Dipole Field -- 5.3.2 Magnetic Field Model Due to Internal Sources: IGRF -- 5.3.3 Contributions to the Earth's Magnetic Field by Magnetospheric Electric Currents -- 5.3.4 Magnetic Field Models of the External Sources -- 5.4 Computation of the Propagation of Cosmic Ray Particles in the Earth's Magnetosphere -- 5.5 The Concept of Cutoff Rigidities and Asymptotic Directions -- References -- 6 Ground-Based Measurements of Energetic Particles by Neutron Monitors -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 History -- 6.3 Transport of Cosmic Ray Particles in the Earth's Atmosphere -- 6.3.1 Model of the Earth's Atmosphere -- 6.3.2 Particle Cascade in the Atmosphere -- 6.4 Neutron Monitor Detector -- 6.4.1 Components of a Neutron Monitor -- 6.4.2 Neutron Monitor Yield Function -- 6.4.3 Atmospheric Effects -- 6.5 Worldwide Network of Neutron Monitor Stations as a Giant Spectrometer -- 6.6 Neutron Monitor Database: NMDB -- References -- 7 HESPERIA Forecasting Tools: Real-Time and Post-Event -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Predicting SEP Event Onsets from Historical Microwave Data by Using the UMASEP Scheme -- 7.3 Predicting SEP Energy Spectra from Historical Microwave Data -- 7.4 Predicting 30-50 MeV SEP Events by Using the RELeASE Scheme.

7.5 Predicting &gt -- 500 MeV SEP Events by Using the UMASEP Scheme -- 7.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 8 X-Ray, Radio and SEP Observations of Relativistic Gamma-Ray Events -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Theory and Early Observations of Gamma-Ray Emission at Photon Energies &gt -- 60MeV -- 8.2.1 Pion-Decay γ-Ray Emission -- 8.2.2 Long-Duration γ-Ray Events -- 8.3 New Insights of Sustained Emission Events from Fermi Observations -- 8.4 Multiwavelength Observations of Fermi/LAT γ-Ray Events -- 8.4.1 Impulsive and Early Post-impulsive γ-Ray Emission -- 8.4.2 Long-Duration γ-Ray Events -- 8.4.3 Soft X-Ray Bursts and γ-Ray Events -- 8.4.4 Coronal Shock Waves and γ-Ray Events -- 8.5 Solar Energetic Particle Events Associated with Fermi/LAT Gamma-Ray Events -- 8.5.1 SEP Characteristics and Association with Fermi/LAT -- 8.5.2 SEP Spectra -- 8.6 Summary and Discussion -- References -- 9 Modelling of Shock-Accelerated Gamma-Ray Events -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Model Description -- 9.2.1 Shock and Particle Model -- 9.2.2 Coronal Shock Acceleration Model -- 9.2.3 DownStream Propagation Model -- 9.3 Results -- 9.3.1 2012 May 17 Event -- 9.3.1.1 Modelling of the SEP Event -- 9.3.1.2 Simulations of Proton Acceleration at the Shock -- 9.3.1.3 Modelling of the Proton Transport Back to the Sun -- 9.3.2 2012 January 23 Event -- 9.3.2.1 Modelling of the SEP Event -- 9.3.2.2 Simulation of Proton Acceleration at the Shock -- 9.3.2.3 Modelling of the Proton Transport Back to the Sun -- 9.4 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 10 Inversion Methodology of Ground Level Enhancements -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Space and Ground Based Measurements of GLEs -- 10.2.1 dE/dx-dE/dx-Method -- 10.2.2 dE/dx - C -- 10.2.3 Magnet Spectrometer -- 10.3 Forward Modeling from the Sun to the Observer at Ground.

10.3.1 Interplanetary Particle Transport: From the Sun to the Magnetosphere -- 10.3.2 From the Interplanetary Particle Distribution to Neutron Monitor Measurements - Magneto- and Atmospheric Transport of Charged Energetic Particles -- 10.3.3 Combined Greens-Function -- 10.4 Inversion Methodology -- 10.4.1 Inversion of Spacecraft Data to the Sun -- 10.4.2 Inversion of NM Data to the Border of the Earth's Magnetosphere -- 10.4.3 The HESPERIA Approach -- 10.5 Results and Validation -- 10.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Index.