Observing the Volcano World : : Volcano Crisis Communication.

Observing the Volcano World : : Volcano Crisis Communication.

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Bibliographic Details
Superior document:Advances in Volcanology Series
:
Fearnley, Carina J.
TeilnehmendeR:
Bird, Deanne K.
Haynes, Katharine.
McGuire, William J.
Jolly, Gill.
Place / Publishing House:Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2018.
©2018.
Year of Publication:2018
Edition:1st ed.
Language:English
Series:Advances in Volcanology Series
Online Access:
Physical Description:1 online resource (754 pages)
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Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Preface
  • We Thank Our Sponsors
  • Contents
  • Part One Adapting Warnings for Volcanic Hazards William J. McGuire
  • 28 Volcano Crisis Communication: Challenges and Solutions in the 21st Century
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction: The Complexities of Volcanic Crisis Communication
  • 2 Learning from the Past: Key Events that Shaped Crisis Communication
  • 3 Key Solutions
  • 3.1 Assessing the Threat
  • 3.2 Assessing and Communicating Uncertainty
  • 3.3 Establishing an Early Warning System
  • 3.4 Decision-Making Tools
  • 4 Where Are We Now and What Are the New Challenges?
  • References
  • 19 Communication Demands of Volcanic Ashfall Events
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 The Complex Communication Environment Associated with Ashfalls
  • 2.1 Disaster Risk Reduction Context
  • 2.2 Complex Communication Environment
  • 3 Tools for Ash Hazard Characterisation and Dissemination
  • 3.1 Hazard Maps (Background and Crisis)
  • 3.2 Ash Forecasting Products
  • 3.3 Public Involvement in Ashfall Mapping: The Role of Citizen Science
  • 3.4 Media Releases
  • 3.5 Informal Communication
  • 3.6 Standard Protocols for Determining Hazardous Characteristics of Ash
  • 3.6.1 Protocol for Assessment of Respiratory Health Hazards
  • 3.6.2 Protocol for Assessment of Hazards from Leachable Elements
  • 4 Sector-Specific Considerations for Communication of Ashfall Hazards and Risks
  • 4.1 Public Health
  • 4.1.1 Crystalline Silica
  • 4.1.2 Particulate Matter
  • 4.2 Agriculture
  • 4.3 Infrastructure
  • 4.4 Clean-up
  • 5 Ongoing Communication Demands: Managing Long-Duration Eruptions
  • 6 Communication Demands During Recovery
  • 7 Lessons
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 49 Volcanic Ash and Aviation-The Challenges of Real-Time, Global Communication of a Natural Hazard
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 International Airways Volcano Watch
  • 3 Volcano Monitoring.
  • 4 The Challenges
  • 4.1 Ash-Cloud Detection and Forecasts
  • 4.2 Communications
  • 4.3 Science Challenges
  • 5 Warning System Enhancements
  • 6 Conclusion
  • References
  • 14 Volcanic Gases: Silent Killers
  • Abstract
  • 1 Volcanic Gases, Insidious Hazards
  • 2 Developing Risk Mitigation Strategies for CO2 Flows and Accumulations
  • 3 Monitoring and Communicating "Vog" Hazards
  • 4 The Great Dry Fog: Preparing for a Future Laki-Style Event
  • 5 Perspectives for the Future
  • References
  • 33 Active Hydrothermal Features as Tourist Attractions
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Visitor Safety in Hydrothermal Environments
  • 1.2 Definitions of Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability
  • 1.3 Hydrothermal or Geothermal?
  • 2 The Challenges of Hydrothermal Tourist Sites
  • 2.1 Direct Use of Hot Springs as Tourist Attraction
  • 2.2 Potential Hazards-Beauty or Beast?
  • 3 Communicating, Forecasting and Managing Natural Hazards-A Mission Impossible?
  • 3.1 The Main Challenges of Hazard Communication
  • 3.2 How Are Hazards and Risks in Hydrothermal Areas Communicated to the Public?
  • 4 Hazard and Crisis Communication
  • 4.1 Alerting the Public-Communicating Warnings
  • 4.2 The Main Stakeholders and Their Responsibilities
  • 5 Hazard Management
  • 5.1 Why Are People Reluctant to Respond to Warnings?
  • 5.2 Why Are Authorities Reluctant to Announce Evacuations?
  • 6 Conclusion
  • Appendix 1
  • Appendix 2
  • How Dangerous Is Yellowstone?
  • References
  • 34 Mapping Hazard Zones, Rapid Warning Communication and Understanding Communities: Primary Ways to Mitigate Pyroclastic Flow Hazard
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 How Can We Communicate PDC Hazard Zones?
  • 3 How Do We Warn People in Time?
  • 3.1 Difficulties in Providing Timely Warnings
  • 3.2 Modern Versus Traditional Warning Tools
  • 3.3 Official Warning Versus Community-Based Warning.
  • 4 Why Are People Reluctant to Evacuate?
  • 5 Building Trust in Hazard and Risk Communication to Ensure Better Responses to Evacuations
  • 6 Conclusion: Improving Crisis Management Capabilities for PDC's Risk Reduction
  • References
  • 35 The Communication and Risk Management of Volcanic Ballistic Hazards
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Ballistic Hazard and Risk Management
  • 3 Assessments of Ballistic Hazard and Risk
  • 4 Communication and Risk Management Strategies
  • 4.1 Ballistic Communication Processes and Products in Different Risk Contexts
  • 4.1.1 Volcano Quiescence
  • 4.1.2 Volcanic Crisis
  • 4.2 On-Going Challenges in Ballistic Risk Communication
  • 5 Case Studies
  • 5.1 2012 Eruptions of Upper Te Maari, Tongariro, New Zealand
  • 5.2 Yasur Volcano, Vanuatu
  • 5.3 Sakurajima Volcano, Japan
  • 5.4 2014 Eruption of Mt. Ontake, Japan
  • 6 Discussion
  • 6.1 Understand the Context and Assess the Risk
  • 6.2 Reflections on the Four Case Study Volcanoes
  • 6.3 Critical Issues
  • 7 Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 16 Imagining the Unimaginable: Communicating Extreme Volcanic Risk
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction: Extreme Eruptions
  • 2 Volcanic Risk Scenarios
  • 2.1 Large Magnitude Basaltic Eruptions
  • 2.2 Large Magnitude Explosive Eruptions
  • 2.3 Volcanic Risk Webs
  • 3 Systemic Volcanic Risk: Global Communication Structures and Decision-Making Systems
  • 3.1 Managing Communication
  • 3.2 The Nature of Communication
  • 4 Single Event Communication
  • 4.1 Professionalising Volcanology
  • 5 Conclusions
  • References
  • 24 Part One Summary: Adapting Warnings for Volcanic Hazards
  • Part Two Observing Volcanic Crises Gill Jolly and Carina J. Fearnley
  • 32 Volcanic Unrest and Hazard Communication in Long Valley Volcanic Region, California
  • Abstract
  • 1 Geologic Setting and Background.
  • 2 Hazard Communication (and Miscommunication) During Two Decades of Strong Volcanic Unrest (1978-2000)
  • 3 Maintaining Community Awareness and Preparedness During Low-Level Volcanic Unrest (2001-May 2016)
  • 4 Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 43 Volcanic Hazard Communication at Pinatubo from 1991 to 2015
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Audiences: Who Needed to Learn About Volcanic and Lahar Hazard?
  • 3 Pre-eruption Messages
  • 4 How Were the Warnings Prepared and Presented?
  • 4.1 Briefings and Video
  • 4.2 Alert Levels
  • 4.3 Pre-eruption Hazard Map
  • 4.4 A Probability Tree
  • 4.5 Recommendations for Evacuation
  • 4.6 Personal Communications
  • 5 Post-eruption Lahar Messages
  • 6 How Were Lahar Warnings Prepared and Presented?
  • 6.1 Briefings and Video
  • 6.2 Hazard Maps
  • 6.3 Short-Term, Immediate Lahar Warnings
  • 6.4 Probabilities of Lahars
  • 6.5 Personal Factors
  • 7 Lessons to Remember
  • References
  • 4 Instrumental Volcano Surveillance and Community Awareness in the Lead-Up to the 1994 Eruptions at Rabaul, Papua New Guinea
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Precursory Activity (I): 1971-1985
  • 2.1 The Nature of Volcanic Unrest at Rabaul-Characteristics of Rabaul Volcanic Crises
  • 2.2 Volcanic Crises in the Period 1971-1985
  • 3 Impact of Precursory Activity (I): Volcano Monitoring, Contingency Planning and Public Awareness, 1983-1985
  • 3.1 Volcano Monitoring
  • 3.2 Contingency Planning
  • 3.3 Establishment of Public Information Unit
  • 3.4 Three Initiatives of PIU
  • 4 Precursory Activity (II): 1985-1994
  • 4.1 Fluctuating Activity: August 1985 to Mid September 1994
  • 4.2 The Ultimate Crisis of 18-19 September, 1994
  • 4.3 Outbreak of Twin Eruptions: 19 September 1994
  • 5 Responses to the Ultimate Crisis and Outbreak of Eruptions
  • 5.1 Timeline of Events and Responses, 18-19 September 1994.
  • 5.2 Response of Government Authorities
  • 5.3 Community Response
  • 5.4 Outcomes
  • 6 Lessons
  • 7 Concluding Remarks
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 37 Challenges in Responding to a Sustained, Continuing Volcanic Crisis: The Case of Popocatépetl Volcano, Mexico, 1994-Present
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Popocatépetl Volcano: Geologic Setting and Eruptive History
  • 3 Ongoing Unrest, Eruptive Activity, and Volcanic Crisis
  • 4 Evolution of the Activity Influences Public Perception of Hazards
  • 5 Development of Risk-Mitigation Strategies Since 1994
  • 6 Scientific Strategies and Scientific Challenges
  • 7 Concluding Remarks and Future Challenges
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 38 Organisational Response to the 2007 Ruapehu Crater Lake Dam-Break Lahar in New Zealand: Use of Communication in Creating an Effective Response
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Background
  • 1.2 What to Do About an Anticipated Lahar?
  • 1.3 Planning a Response to a Ruapehu Crater Lake Lahar
  • 1.4 Communication
  • 2 The Lahar Event
  • 3 Method for Communication Research
  • 4 Results and Discussion: Communication for the Lahar Event
  • 4.1 Internal Communication
  • 4.1.1 Internal Communication During the Planning Process
  • 4.1.2 Internal Communication During the Response
  • 4.2 External Communication
  • 4.2.1 Communication of Public Information Prior to the Lahar
  • 4.2.2 Communication of Public Information During Response to the Lahar
  • 4.3 Technical Capacity
  • 5 Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 6 Crisis Coordination and Communication During the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull Eruption
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Civil Protection and Emergency Management in Iceland
  • 3 Methods
  • 4 Crisis Coordination and Communication During the Eyjafjallajökull Eruptions
  • 4.1 20 March 2010 Events
  • 4.2 14 April 2010 Events.
  • 4.3 Impact on Local Residents.

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