Integrated Diagnostics and Theranostics of Thyroid Diseases.

• Author: Giovanella, Luca.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2023.; ©2023.
• Year of Publication: 2023
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (174 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- 1: Integrated Diagnostics: The Future of Diagnostic Medicine? -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Diagnosis and Diagnostics -- 1.3 Integrated Diagnostics -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- 2: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Integrated Diagnostic -- 2.1 Background -- 2.2 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning -- 2.3 AI in Integrated Diagnostic: Challenges and Future Prospects -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- 3: Biochemical Diagnosis of Thyroid Dysfunctions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Physiological Basis of Thyroid Function Laboratory Assessment -- 3.3 Thyroid Function Tests -- 3.3.1 Performance Characteristics of Thyroid Function Assays -- 3.3.2 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone -- 3.3.2.1 Normal Range -- 3.3.2.2 Circadian Variability -- 3.3.2.3 Individual Variation -- 3.3.3 Free Thyroid Hormones -- 3.4 Diagnosis of Thyroid Dysfunctions -- 3.4.1 Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunctions -- 3.4.2 Overt Thyroid Dysfunctions -- 3.4.2.1 Hyperthyroidism -- 3.4.2.2 Hypothyroidism -- 3.5 Management of Inconsistent Results -- 3.5.1 Analytical Interferences in Immunoassays -- 3.5.2 Nonthyroidal Illness -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- 4: Integrated Thyroid Imaging: Ultrasound and Scintigraphy -- 4.1 Basics of Thyroid Imaging -- 4.1.1 Sonography -- 4.1.1.1 B-Mode Sonography (Gray-Scale Ultrasound) -- 4.1.1.2 Cine-Mode and Tomographic Ultrasound -- 4.1.1.3 Color Doppler Ultrasound (CDUS) and Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) -- 4.1.1.4 Ultrasound Elastography -- 4.1.2 Radionuclide Imaging -- 4.1.2.1 99mTc-Pertechnetate/123Iodine -- 4.1.2.2 99mTc-Methoxy-Isobutyl-Isonitrile (MIBI) Imaging -- 4.1.3 Hybrid Imaging -- 4.1.3.1 Hybrid Imaging with 99mTc-Pertechnetate and 123I-NaI -- 4.1.3.2 Hybrid Imaging with 18F-FDG-PET -- 4.2 Integrated Imaging of Thyroid Disorders.

4.2.1 Diffuse Thyroid Diseases -- 4.2.1.1 Diffuse Incidental Thyroid 18F-FDG-Uptake -- 4.2.1.2 Nodular Thyroid Diseases -- Autonomously Functioning Thyroid Nodules -- 4.2.2 Imaging in the Risk Assessment of Thyroid Nodules -- 4.2.2.1 Ultrasound Risk Stratification Systems (B-Mode Ultrasound, UE, CEUS) -- 4.2.2.2 Value of 99mTc-Pertechnetate/ 123I−Scintigraphy -- 4.2.2.3 Value of MIBI Imaging -- 4.2.2.4 Incidental Focal Uptake on 18F-FDG Imaging -- 4.2.2.5 Thyroid Nodules with Indeterminate Cytology -- 4.2.3 Medication-Induced Thyroid Dysfunction -- 4.2.4 Aberrant Localization of Thyroid Tissue and Congenital Hypothyroidism -- 4.2.5 Tracers Beyond 18F-FDG-Present and Future Directions -- References -- 5: Non-invasive Imaging Biomarkers of Thyroid Nodules with Indeterminate Cytology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Uniting Medical Imaging with Artificial Intelligence -- 5.2.1 Quantitative Imaging -- 5.2.2 Artificial Intelligence -- 5.3 Modalities -- 5.3.1 Ultrasonography -- 5.3.1.1 Conventional (B-Mode) Ultrasonography -- 5.3.1.2 TI-RADS -- 5.3.1.3 Elastosonography -- 5.3.2 Computed Tomography -- 5.3.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- 5.3.3.1 Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- 5.3.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 5.3.3.3 Multiparametric MRI -- 5.3.4 [99mTc]Tc-MIBI Scintigraphy -- 5.3.5 [18F]FDG PET/CT -- 5.3.6 Combined Approaches -- 5.4 Future Perspectives -- References -- 6: Diagnostics and Theranostics of Benign Thyroid Disorders -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Radiopharmaceuticals for Thyroid Imaging and Therapy -- 6.3 Graves' Disease -- 6.4 Toxic Nodular Goiter and Toxic Multi-Nodular Goiter -- 6.5 Radioiodine Therapy for Hyperthyroidism -- 6.5.1 Radioiodine Therapy in Graves' Disease -- 6.5.2 Radioiodine Therapy in Patients with Toxic Nodular and Toxic Multi-Nodular Goiter -- 6.6 Non-Toxic Goiter.

6.7 Radioiodine Therapy of Non-TOXIC Goiter -- 6.8 Radioiodine Therapy in Pediatric Patients -- 6.9 Side Effects of Radioiodine Therapy -- References -- 7: Radioiodine Theranostics of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Diagnosis -- 7.3 Surgical Treatment -- 7.4 Staging and Risk Stratification for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer -- 7.5 Post-operative Management -- 7.6 Post-operative 131I Therapy -- 7.7 Benefits of 131-I Therapy in Thyroid Cancer -- 7.8 Preparation for 131I Therapy -- 7.9 131I Therapy Administration -- 7.9.1 Diagnostic and Post-therapy 131-I Scans with Diagnostic Intent -- 7.9.2 Integration of Histopathology, Laboratory, and Scintigraphy Information -- 7.10 Determining the Prescribed Therapeutic 131I Activity -- 7.11 The Role of Dosimetry for Thyroid Cancer Treatment -- 7.12 Radioiodine Theranostics -- 7.13 Treatment of Advanced Disease -- 7.14 Future Perspectives -- References -- 8: Biomarkers and Molecular Imaging in Postoperative DTC Management -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Biomarkers: Tg and TgAb -- 8.2.1 Biomarkers Role in DTC Patients Treated by Total Thyroidectomy and 131I -- 8.2.2 Biomarkers Role in DTC Patients Treated by Total Thyroidectomy -- 8.2.3 Biomarkers Role in DTC Patients Treated by Lobectomy -- 8.2.4 Patients with Positive TgAb -- 8.3 Molecular Imaging -- 8.3.1 Whole-Body Scintigraphy and SPECT/CT -- 8.3.1.1 Postoperative Setting -- 8.3.1.2 Posttherapy Setting -- 8.3.1.3 Response Assessment, Disease Monitoring, and Long-Term Follow-Up -- 8.3.2 PET/CT Imaging -- 8.3.2.1 Postoperative Setting -- 8.3.2.2 Suspicious Relapse -- 8.3.2.3 Prognostic Role of PET Imaging -- 8.3.2.4 Assessment of Iodine Refractory Disease -- 8.3.2.5 124I -- 8.3.2.6 Other PET Tracers -- 8.4 Future Perspectives: Artificial Intelligence and Radiomics -- References.

9: Definition of Radioactive Iodine Refractory Thyroid Cancer and Redifferentiation Strategies -- 9.1 Definition of Radioiodine Refractory Thyroid Cancer -- 9.1.1 Clinical Presentation -- 9.1.2 Radioactive Iodine Treatment -- 9.1.3 The Role of [18F]FDG PET/CT in the Definition of Rai Refractory DTC -- 9.2 Treatment and Management of RAI Refractory Thyroid Cancer -- 9.3 Redifferentiation Strategies -- 9.4 Conclusions -- References -- 10: Integrated Diagnostics and Theragnostics of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma and Related Syndromes -- 10.1 Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma and Related Syndromes -- 10.1.1 Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma -- 10.1.2 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 -- 10.2 Role of Imaging According to Different Clinical Situations -- 10.2.1 Prophylactic Thyroidectomy for MTC Does Not Require any Preoperative Imaging -- 10.2.2 Indications of Imaging for Persistent/Recurrent MTC -- 10.2.3 18F-FDOPA PET/CT Prior Initial Surgery -- 10.3 18F-FDG PET and Prognostication -- 10.4 Peptide Receptor Targeting and Theragnostic Approaches -- 10.5 Immuno-PET for CEA Targeting -- 10.6 Future Perspectives -- References -- Correction to: Integrated Thyroid Imaging: Ultrasound and Scintigraphy.