Blue Skies, Blue Seas : : Air Pollution, Marine Plastics, and Coastal Erosion in the Middle East and North Africa.

• Superior document: MENA Development Report
• Author: Heger, Martin.
• TeilnehmendeR: Vashold, Lukas.; Palacios, Anabella.; Alahmadi, Mala.; Acerbi, Marcelo.
• Place / Publishing House: Washington, D. C. : : World Bank Publications,, 2022.; ©2022.
• Year of Publication: 2022
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: MENA Development Report
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (405 pages)

Table of Contents

Front Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Overview -- "Blue" Capital and Three Core Issues -- Road Map to the Report -- Notes -- Chapter 2 Human Advancement and Sustainable Natural Capital Use in the Middle East and North Africa -- Overview -- Improvement in Incomes, Produced Capital, and Human Capital -- Natural Capital Deteriorates as Environmental Degradation Accelerates -- A Lag in Decoupling Growth from Air Pollution and GHGs -- Switching to a Green Growth Path -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Blue Skies for Healthy and Prosperous Cities -- Overview -- How Polluted Are the Cities' Skies? -- The Health and Economic Impacts of Dirty Skies -- Policy Review: How to Get Clear Blue Skies -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Blue Seas: Freeing the Seas from Plastics -- Overview -- The State of Plastic Pollution in the Seas -- The Environmental, Public Health, and Economic Impacts of Plastic-Polluted Seas -- Policy Review: How to Get Clear, Blue, Plastic-Free Seas -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Blue Seas: Fighting Coastal Erosion -- Overview -- How Eroded Is the Coast? -- The Economic Impacts of Eroded Coasts -- Policy Review: How to Combat Coastal Erosion -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box 2.1 Green Recovery Goals Guide COVID-19 Responses by Multilateral Organizations -- Box 2.2 Job Creation from Green Growth Strategies -- Box 2.3 Carbon Wealth in the Middle East and North Africa and Its Potential Pitfalls -- Box 3.1 Different Sources and Health Effects of Different PM Diameters -- Box 3.2 Air Quality Monitoring in Abu Dhabi and the United Arab Emirates -- Box 3.3 Reforming Fuel Subsidies: Lessons from International Experience -- Box 3.4 Slashing Fuel Subsidies during Periods of Low Global Oil Prices Reduces Public Discontent.

Box 3.5 Environmental Fiscal Reform: International Experiences -- Box 3.6 Vehicle Technology and Related Regulations in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 3.7 Fuel Quality Standards in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 3.8 Public Transportation in Middle East and North Africa's Cities -- Box 3.9 Place-Based Policies and Their Effects on Air Pollution -- Box 3.10 Successful Pollution Abatement Projects in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 3.11 California's Emissions Trading System -- Box 3.12 Saudi Arabia's Efforts to Increase Energy Efficiency -- Box 3.13 Regional Examples of Investment in Renewable Energy Sources -- Box 3.14 Reducing the "Black Cloud" Phenomenon in Greater Cairo -- Box 3.15 Reusing Crop Residues as Fertilizer with the Happy Seeder -- Box 3.16 Public Awareness Programs on Air Pollution in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 3.17 Green Space in Cairo, the Arab Republic of Egypt -- Box 4.1 Marine-Plastic Pollution within the International Policy Agenda -- Box 4.2 Identifying the Hot Spots of Marine-Plastic Debris along Morocco's Coasts -- Box 4.3 Green Bond Financing for SWM Systems -- Box 4.4 A Snapshot of the Petrochemical Industry in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 4.5 Eliminating SUPs in the United Arab Emirates -- Box 4.6 Morocco: Implementing an Ecotax on Plastic Production -- Box 4.7 Tunisia: The ECOLEF Program to Increase Recycling -- Box 4.8 Emerging Alternatives to SUPs in the Middle East and North Africa -- Box 4.9 The EU Plan to Reduce SUP -- Box 4.10 Plastics Circularity and Market Potential: Examples from Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand -- Box 4.11 Integration of Recyclers into Local Waste Management Systems: Examples from Latin America -- Box 5.1 Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa and the Impact of COVID-19 -- Box 5.2 Sediment Budgets and Numerical Modeling in West Africa.

Box 5.3 Iraq's Al-Faw Grand Port: Computational Modeling to Eliminate Coastal Erosion -- Box 5.4 Rosetta Promontory: Computational Modeling of Solutions to Fight Coastal Erosion -- Box 5.5 Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Morocco -- Box 5.6 Enhancing Climate Change Adaptation in the North Coast and Nile Delta Regions, the Arab Republic of Egypt -- Box 5.7 India's ICZM Project: A Comprehensive Approach for Combating Coastal Erosion -- Box 5.8 General Overview of Hard-Defense Options -- Box 5.9 Effects of Different Defense Structures in Soliman Beach, Tunisia -- Box 5.10 Building with Nature: Approaches for Beach Replenishment from the Netherlands -- Figure -- Figure ES.1 Urban Air Pollution, Marine-Plastic Pollution, and Net Coastal Erosion, by Region -- Figure 2.1 Capital Accounting Framework -- Figure 2.2 Gross National Income Per Capita, by Subregion, Middle East and North Africa, 1990-2018 -- Figure 2.3 Trends in Access and Use of Basic Sanitation and Drinking Water Services in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion, 2000-17 -- Figure 2.4 Trends in Rural Access to Electricity and Total Population's Internet Use in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion -- Figure 2.5 Selected Human Capital Indicators in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion -- Figure 2.6 Recent Trends in Selected Gas Emissions in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion -- Figure 2.7 Volume of Plastic Debris Entering the Seas from the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2010 and 2025 -- Figure 2.8 Average Annual Net Coastal Accretion and Erosion, Global Regions and Middle East and North Africa Subregions, 1984-2016 -- Figure 2.9 Natural Habitat Index Trends in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion.

Figure 2.10 Sustainability of Water Withdrawals, by Source, as a Share of Total Withdrawals in Middle East and North Africa Economies, 2010s -- Figure 2.11 Mean Sea Level Rise of the Mediterranean Sea, 1993-2020 -- Figure 2.12 Trends in Growth of GNI Per Capita in Relation to CO2 Emissions Per Capita in Middle East and North Africa Subregions and Other Global Regions, 1990-2018 -- Figure 2.13 Growth of GNI Per Capita in Relation to CO2 Emissions Per Capita in Middle East and North Africa Economies, since 1990 -- Figure 2.14 Progress in Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from NOX and SO2 Emissions Per Capita, by Global Region, since 1990 -- Figure 2.15 Extent of Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from NOX and SO2 Emissions Per Capita, Middle East and North Africa Economies, since 1990 -- Figure 2.16 Comparison of Global Regions in Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from Black Carbon Emissions Per Capita since 1990 -- Figure 2.17 Comparison of Global Regions in Decoupling Growth of GNI Per Capita from PM2.5 Exposure since 1990 -- Figure 3.1 Ambient Air Pollution in Urban Areas, by World Region, 2016 -- Figure 3.2 Ambient Air Pollution in Capital Cities of Selected Middle East and North Africa Countries, 2018 -- Figure 3.3 Ambient Air Pollution in Non-Capital Major Cities of Selected Middle East and North Africa Countries, 2018 -- Figure 3.4 Global Comparison of Ambient Air Pollution in Capital or Other Major Cities in Relation to Countries' Income Levels -- Figure B3.1.1 Size Comparisons for PM10 and PM2.5 Particles -- Figure 3.5 Share of Total Mortality Risk from Most Prevalent Causes in the Middle East and North Africa, 2019 -- Figure 3.6 Trends in Risk Exposure, by Cause, in the Middle East and North Africa, 1990-2019 -- Figure 3.7 AAP-Induced Causes of Death in the Middle East and North Africa, 2019.

Figure 3.8 Death Rates Attributable to AAP in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2019 -- Figure 3.9 Total AAP-Related Deaths in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion and Economy, 2019 -- Figure 3.10 Trends in Morbidity Due to AAP in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion, 1990-2019 -- Figure 3.12 Estimated Effect of Increased AAP Exposure during Pregnancy on Probability of Stunting or Wasting of Children Born 2002-14, Selected Middle East and North Africa Countries -- Figure 3.13 Global Morbidity and Mortality Rates Related to Air Pollution, by Region, 2019 -- Figure 3.14 Decomposition of National Sources of PM2.5 Concentrations in the Middle East and North Africa, by Subregion, 2018 -- Figure 3.15 Decomposition of PM2.5 Sources in Greater Cairo, Summer and Fall 2010 -- Figure 3.16 Decomposition of Air Pollutant Sources, by Sector, in the EEA-33 Countries, 2017 -- Figure 3.17 Average Diesel and Gasoline Pump Prices Per Liter, by Global Region, 2016 and 2018 -- Figure 3.18 Average Diesel Pump Prices Per Liter in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2016 and 2018 -- Figure 3.19 Average Gasoline Pump Prices Per Liter in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2016 and 2018 -- Figure B3.7.1 Diesel Sulfur Limits in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2020 -- Figure 3.20 Shares of Total Population Living in Urban Areas and Country's Largest City, by Global Region, 2018 -- Figure 3.21 Share of All Motorized Trips Using Personal Cars, by Global Region -- Figure B3.8.1 Trips by Public Transportation as a Share of Total Motorized Trips in Selected Cities Worldwide and in the Middle East and North Africa -- Figure 3.22 Energy Use Per Unit of Output and Growth Rate, by World Region -- Figure 3.23 Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Losses, by World Region, 2014.

Figure 3.24 Municipal Waste Burned Per Capita in the Middle East and North Africa, by Economy, 2010.