Taxation and Cultural Heritage.

• Author: Federico, Lorenzo del.
• Place / Publishing House: Amsterdam : : IBFD Publications USA, Incorporated,, 2022.; ©2022.
• Year of Publication: 2022
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (458 pages)

A comparative and interdisciplinary study on how tax law and budgetary policies - both international and domestic - have an impact on the protection and promotion of cultural heritage.

Table of Contents

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Public Finance and Tax Measures for Cultural Heritage: Issues, Methodologies and Guidelines -- 2.1. Themes, problems and objectives -- 2.2. The reasons why states finance cultural heritage -- 2.3. The policies of the European Union -- 2.3.1. From the prohibition to modernization of State aid -- 2.4. The role of UNESCO and its current crisis -- 2.5. Comparative analysis -- Part 1: International and European Legal Framework -- Chapter 3: The OECD Guidelines and Their Impact on National Policies for Cultural Heritage -- Summary -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Public intervention for culture - The cultural economics perspective -- 3.3. Policy transfer -- 3.4. The notion of culture -- 3.5. The OECD - A brief introduction -- 3.6. The OECD and cultural heritage -- 3.7. Conclusion -- Chapter 4: The Funding of World Cultural Heritage by UNESCO -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Internal organization and financial resources -- 4.3. Direct funding from UNESCO -- 4.3.1. Inclusion on the World Heritage List -- 4.3.2. International assistance -- 4.3.3. Protection of world heritage in danger -- 4.4. Involvement of the private sector: The case of public-private partnerships -- 4.5. Conclusion -- Chapter 5: Financing the Protection of Cultural Heritage in the European Union: The Legal Framework for Tax and Non-Tax Instruments -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. EU competences in the area of culture and the protection of cultural heritage -- 5.3. The principles of the EU framework for action on cultural heritage -- 5.4. EU direct and indirect funding and tax incentives for private financing: The ambiguous EU legal framework -- 5.5. Future perspectives: Common cultural heritage, common institutions, common taxes? -- Chapter 6: European Ties to Tax Policies and the State Aid System.

6.1. Introduction: Culture, EU law and tax policy -- 6.1.1. Defining culture: Legal transplants and the autonomy of EU law -- 6.2. EU State aid policy -- 6.2.1. The notion of State aid -- 6.2.1.1. When is there an economic activity? -- 6.2.1.2. When is there an effect on trade? -- 6.2.1.3. Where to draw the line? Situations in which there is no State aid -- 6.2.2. The need to notify as a general rule -- 6.2.3. The General Block Exemption Regulation -- 6.2.4. The exceptional flexibility in the COVID-19 crisis -- 6.3. Conclusion -- Chapter 7: The Public Funding of Culture: The Uncertain Boundary between State Aid and Non-State Aid -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. From the Leipzig-Halle judgment to Regulation 651/2014 -- 7.3. The Commission Notice on the notion of State aid and culture as economic activity -- 7.3.1. The effects on competition and trade between Member States -- 7.4. Conclusion -- Chapter 8: Cultural Heritage, Taxation and Constitutional Traditions Common to EU Member States: Exploring the Scope of Article 167 of the TFEU -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. A twofold constitutional dimension of culture -- 8.3. The national tax measures to preserve cultural sites: Criticisms of the state dimension of cultural heritage -- 8.4. Towards a people-centred approach to preserving cultural heritage: An EU proposal to enforce cultural rights -- 8.4.1. The need for a specific tax regime to engage communities in preserving cultural heritage -- 8.4.2. The European Union's role in fostering a community-centred approach to preserving cultural heritage -- 8.5. Conclusion -- Chapter 9: International Tax Treaties and Cultural Heritage -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. OECD Model -- 9.2.1. Scope of DTCs: Residence -- 9.2.2. Special tax regimes -- 9.2.3. Limitation-on-benefits clauses -- 9.2.4. No mutual recognition, notwithstanding the non-discrimination article.

9.2.5. Conclusion on the position of cultural heritage charities under treaties based on the OECD Model -- 9.3. UN Model -- 9.4. US Model -- 9.4.1. Scope: Residence -- 9.4.2. Special tax regimes -- 9.4.3. Limitations on benefits -- 9.4.4. Non-discrimination and reciprocal exemption of charities -- 9.4.5. Donors to charities -- 9.5. OECD Model on taxes on estates, inheritance and gifts -- 9.5.1. Commentary on the OECD EIGMC -- 9.5.2. Examples of gift and inheritance treaties referring to charities -- 9.6. US Estate and Gift Model Convention -- 9.7. Conclusion -- Part 2: National Experiences -- Chapter 10: The US Experience -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.1.1. Federal context -- 10.1.2. State and local context -- 10.1.3. Tax context -- 10.2. Systemic framework -- 10.2.1. Tax incentives for cultural heritage owners -- 10.2.1.1. Tax deduction for donations of full title to property -- 10.2.1.2. Tax deduction for donations of a partial interest in real property -- 10.2.1.3. Tax credit for rehabilitation of historic structures -- 10.2.1.4. Relief from local property taxes -- 10.2.2. Tax incentives for patrons -- 10.2.3. Tax incentives for museums and other non-profit organizations -- 10.2.4. Tax incentives for art cities -- 10.3. Tax incentives for attracting international investors -- 10.4. Best practices -- 10.4.1. The importance of the charitable deduction -- 10.4.2. Reliance on non-tax experts -- 10.4.3. The intricacies of the deduction for conservation easements -- 10.5. Conclusion -- Chapter 11: The French Experience -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Systematic framework -- 11.2.1. Tax incentives for cultural heritage owners -- 11.2.2. Tax incentives for patrons -- 11.2.3. Tax incentives for museums and non-profits -- 11.2.4. Tax incentives for art cities -- 11.3. Tax incentives for attracting international investors -- 11.4. Best practices.

11.5. Conclusion -- Chapter 12: The Italian Experience -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Systematic framework -- 12.2.1. Tax incentives for cultural heritage owners -- 12.2.1.1. A deduction for the maintenance expenses of historical-artistic movable or immovable assets (articles 15 and 100 of the TUIR) incurred by those obliged to maintain such assets -- 12.2.1.2. Reductions in income tax for owners of historical-artistic property (articles 37 and 90 of the TUIR) -- 12.2.1.3. Reductions in property taxes for owners of real estate of historical-artistic interest (article 1(747) of Law no. 160/2019) -- 12.2.1.4. Exemption from inheritance and gift tax (article 13 of Legislative Decree no. 346/1990) for assets expressly qualified as historical-artistic assets -- 12.2.1.5. Reduction of more than half of the VAT rate for the importation and transfer of works of art by the artist (article 39 of Law Decree no. 41/1995) -- 12.2.1.6. Possibility (to be implemented) to pay taxes "in kind" through historical-artistic goods (article 28-bis of Presidential Decree no. 602/1973 and article 39 of Legislative Decree no. 346/1990) -- 12.2.1.7. Exemption from income tax for capital gains derived from stand-alone sales of artwork -- 12.2.2. Tax incentives for patrons -- 12.2.2.1. Deduction of gifts and liberal donations (articles 15 and 100 of the TUIR) -- -- 12.2.2.2. Deduction of gifts and liberal donations in cash or in kind to entities whose purpose is the protection, promotion and enhancement of historical-artistic assets pursuant to the Code of Cultural Heritage (article 14 of Law Decree no. 35/2005) -- 12.2.2.3. Special deduction in case of gifts and liberal donations to special entities qualifying as special or non-profit entities (enti del terzo settore) (article 83 of Legislative Decree no. 117/2017) -- 12.2.2.4. Art bonus (article 1 of Law Decree no. 83/2014).

12.2.3. Tax incentives for museums and non-profits -- 12.2.4. Tax incentives for art cities -- 12.3. Tax incentives for attracting international investors -- 12.4. Best practices -- 12.5. Conclusion -- Chapter 13: The Spanish Experience -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Systematic framework -- 13.2.1. Tax incentives for cultural heritage owners -- 13.2.2. Tax incentives for patrons -- 13.2.3. Tax incentives for museums and non-profits -- 13.2.4. Tax incentives for art cities -- 13.3. Tax incentives for attracting international investors -- 13.4. Best practices -- Chapter 14: The German Experience -- 14.1. Introduction -- 14.2. Systematic framework -- 14.2.1. Tax incentives for cultural heritage owners -- 14.2.1.1. Income tax deductions and accelerated depreciation -- 14.2.1.2. Exemption from property tax -- 14.2.1.3. Special inheritance and gift tax treatment -- 14.2.2. Tax incentives for patrons -- 14.2.3. Tax incentives for museums and non-profit organizations -- 14.2.4. Tax incentives for art cities -- 14.3. Tax incentives for attracting international investors -- 14.4. Best practices -- Chapter 15: The Austrian Experience -- 15.1. Introduction -- 15.2. Systematic framework -- 15.2.1. Tax incentives for cultural heritage owners -- 15.2.2. Tax incentives for patrons -- 15.2.3. Tax incentives for museums and non-profits -- 15.2.4. Tax incentives for art cities -- 15.3. Tax incentives for attracting international investors -- 15.4. Best practices -- 15.5. Conclusion -- Chapter 16: The Swedish Experience -- 16.1. Introduction -- 16.2. Systematic framework -- 16.2.1. General legal framework -- 16.2.2. Tax incentives for cultural heritage owners -- 16.2.3. Tax incentives for patrons -- 16.2.4. Tax incentives for museums and non-profit organizations -- 16.2.5. Tax incentives for art cities.

16.3. Tax incentives for international investors, and other European and international measures.