The Upside of Digital for the Middle East and North Africa : : How Digital Technology Adoption Can Accelerate Growth and Create Jobs.
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| Place / Publishing House: | Washington, D. C. : : World Bank Publications,, 2021. ©2021. |
| Year of Publication: | 2021 |
| Edition: | 1st ed. |
| Language: | English |
| Online Access: | |
| Physical Description: | 1 online resource (99 pages) |
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Table of Contents:
- Front Cover
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- About the Authors
- Executive Summary
- Abbreviations
- 1 Introduction
- References
- 2 The Digital Paradox in the Middle East and North Africa and the Upside of Digital Technologies
- Notes
- References
- 3 Framework for Understanding the Upside of the Digital Economy
- References
- 4 How Digital Technologies Help to Overcome Market Frictions
- Overcoming Frictions due to Information Asymmetries on Ride-Hailing Platforms
- Overcoming Transport Frictions: IT Sector and Mobility Barriers in West Bank
- Tourism Demand: Overcoming Frictions Associated with Geography and Language Barriers
- Notes
- References
- 5 The Upside of Digital: Empirical Framework and Results
- Lower-Bound Estimates of the Upside of the Digital Economy
- Gains in GDP per Capita
- Gains in Revenue Productivity and Employment in Manufacturing
- Gains in Tourism and Hospitality Industry Jobs
- Reductions in Unemployment and Increases in Female Labor Force Participation
- Summary of the Upside Impact of Digital Technologies
- Notes
- References
- 6 Three Foundational Pillars of the Digital Economy
- Digital Infrastructure
- Digital Payments
- Regulations for E-commerce
- Notes
- References
- 7 Addressing Challenges and Mitigating Risks
- Liberalization and Competition as Drivers of Mobile Digital Data Technology Adoption
- Competition in the Digital Services Market
- Risk Associated with Digital Social Media
- Data Governance
- Data Privacy in Managing the COVID-19 Pandemic
- Notes
- References
- 8 Summary and Conclusions
- Appendix A: Modeling the Relationship between Digital Payments, Bank Regulation, and Banking System Development
- Appendix B: Benchmark Regressions: Graphs and Statistics
- Appendix C: Description of New Mobile Data Technology Adoption Rankings
- Boxes.
- Box 5.1 Empirical Framework for Estimating the Upside of Digital Technologies
- Box 7.1 Four Main Data Governance Paradigms
- Figures
- Figure 2.1 Penetration of Facebook Accounts and Use of Digital Payments, by Region
- Figure 2.2 Correlation between Transparency, Trust, and Use of Digital Payments Worldwide
- Figure 3.1 Framework for Understanding the Interactions between the Development of Digital Infrastructure, Use of Digital Tools, and Societal Trust in Government
- Figure 4.1 Share of Drivers Working Each Week in the Arab Republic of Egypt, by Driver Quality, 2018
- Figure 4.2 Volume of Orders for Courier or Delivery Services in Jakarta, Indonesia, by Gender of the Driver, 2020
- Figure 4.3 Change in Demand for Tourism Services, by Determinant
- Figure 5.1 Simulated Schedules for Diffusion of Digital Technology, 2017-50: Linear, Concave, and Logit Functions
- Figure 5.2 The Upside of Digital: Cumulative Gains in GDP per Capita in the Middle East and North Africa and in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2017-45
- Figure 5.3 Digital Adoption and Export Complementarities: The Issue of Targeting
- Figure 5.4 Cumulative Gains in Revenue Productivity in Formal Manufacturing Enterprises in the Middle East and North Africa and in Sub-Saharan Africa, with Perfect Targeting and with No Targeting
- Figure 5.5 Employment Gains from Website Adoption in the Middle East and North Africa and in Sub-Saharan Africa, with Perfect Targeting and with No Targeting
- Figure 5.6 Estimated Gains in Tourist Arrivals due to the Adoption of B2C Tools in the Middle East and North Africa and in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2017-47
- Figure 5.7 Estimated Gains in Tourism-Related Employment due to B2C Digital Technology Adoption in the Middle East and North Africa and in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2017-47.
- Figure 5.8 Decline in Unemployment due to the Diffusion of Digital Payments in the Middle East and North Africa and in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2017-33
- Figure 5.9 Correlation between Digital Payments and Female Labor Force Participation, 2017
- Figure 5.10 Potential Increase in Female Labor Force Participation Rates from the Diffusion of Digital Payments in the Middle East and North Africa and in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2017-49
- Figure 6.1 Benchmarking the Regulatory Framework for E-commerce, by Country Income Level
- Figure 7.1 Mobile Technology Adoption Rankings in the Middle East and North Africa and in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1981-2019
- Figure 7.2 ICT Regulatory Authority Independence Index in the Middle East and North Africa and in Sub-Saharan Africa and by Country Income Group, 2017
- Figure 7.3 Share of Liberalized Countries in the Middle East and North Africa and in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2000-18
- Figure 7.4 Share of Foreign Participation in the Middle East and North Africa and in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2000-18
- Figure B.1 Coverage of Information and Communication Technology Infrastructure in the Middle East and North Africa and Rest of the World, by GDP per Capita, 2019
- Figure B.2 Facebook and Internet Use in the Middle East and North Africa and Rest of the World, by GDP per Capita
- Figure B.3 Digital Payments and Online Purchases in the Middle East and North Africa and Rest of the World, by GDP per Capita
- Figure B.4 Use of Financial Accounts in the Middle East and North Africa and Rest of the World, by GDP per Capita, 2017
- Figure B.5 Download Speeds in the Middle East and North Africa and Rest of the World, by GDP per Capita, 2019
- Figure B.6 User Prices of Data in the Middle East and North Africa and Rest of the World, by GDP per Capita, 2019.
- Figure C.1 Mobile Technology Adoption Rankings in the Middle East and North Africa and in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1981-2019
- Figure C.2 ICT Regulatory Authority Independence Index in the Middle East and North Africa and in Sub-Saharan Africa and by Country Income Group, 2017
- Figure C.3 Share of Liberalized Countries in the Middle East and North Africa and in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2000-18
- Figure C.4 Share of Foreign Participation in the Middle East and North Africa and in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2000-18
- Tables
- Table 4.1 Change in Industry Shares of GDP in the Presence of Mobility Restrictions in West Bank, 1995-2017
- Table 4.2 Simulated Change in GDP in the Presence of Mobility Restrictions
- Table 7.1 Technology Adoption, Liberalization, and Regulatory Independence
- Table 7.2 Data Stewardship in a Data Governance Framework
- Table 7.3 Regulation on Data Privacy in the Middle East and North Africa
- Table A.1 Relationships between Banking Restrictions, Financial Development, and Digital Payments
- Table A.2 Description of Variables
- Table B.1 ICT Infrastructure Coverage
- Table B.2 ICT Adoption-Digital Finance
- Table B.3 ICT Adoption-Enterprises and E-commerce
- Table B.4 ICT Enablers-E-Government Development Index Subindexes
- Table B.5 ICT Enablers-Quality of Institutions.