Regional Investment Pioneers in South Asia : : The Payoff of Knowing Your Neighbors.

• Superior document: South Asia Development Forum Series
• Author: Kathuria, Sanjay.
• TeilnehmendeR: Yatawara, Ravindra A.; Zhu, Xiao'ou.
• Place / Publishing House: Washington, D. C. : : World Bank Publications,, 2021.; ©2021.
• Year of Publication: 2021
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: South Asia Development Forum Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (261 pages)

Table of Contents

Front Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Context and Motivation -- Investment Landscape: Low Levels of Inward FDI -- Investment Landscape: Low Levels of Outward FDI -- Investment Landscape: Lowest Intraregional Investment Share among Developing Economies -- Key Drivers of Outward Investment of South Asian Firms -- Key Constraint: Restrictiveness of South Asian Inward and Outward FDI Policy Arrangements -- Key Constraint: Low Knowledge Connectivity and Bilateral Trust -- Regional Pioneers and the Determinants of Investment Entry: Which Firms Succeed and Which Firms Do Not? -- Policy and Operational Implications -- Concluding Remarks -- Notes -- Reference -- Key Messages -- Chapter 1 The State of Play in South Asia -- Introduction -- Factors Influencing Regional Dynamics -- Weak Track Record on Global Inward FDI -- Low Intraregional Investment -- A Spark of Optimism and an Opportunity to Scale Up? -- Relevance of the Report -- Plan of the Report -- Annex 1A: Underlying Profiles of South Asian Economies -- Annex 1B: The South Asian Trade Landscape: Foreshadowing the Trade-Investment Nexus -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 Cross-Border Engagement: An Integrated Analytical Framework -- Introduction -- Incorporating a Value Chain Approach -- Foreign Market Entry Decision -- Toward a Spectrum of Engagement Modes: Variation of Entry Costs across Modes -- Information, Networks, and Learning: Variation of Entry Costs across Firms -- Concluding Remarks -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Spotlight on Outward Foreign Investment and Foreign Direct Investment Policies -- Introduction -- Outward FDI and Intraregional Investment: Evidence from CDIS and UNCTAD Data -- Policy Environment for Intraregional Investment -- Scope of and Strategies for OFDI: Evidence from Firm Surveys and Case Studies.

Concluding Remarks -- Annex 3A: Investment Hubs: The India-Mauritius Connection and How Singapore Fits In -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Knowledge Connectivity in South Asia and Its Impact on Outward Foreign Direct Investment -- Introduction -- Knowledge Connectivity, Networks, and Bilateral Trust in South Asia -- Key Results on Investor Decision-Making in South Asia -- Beyond Entry: Evolution of Investment Destinations -- Bridges of Knowledge: Key Channels of Awareness of Investment Opportunities -- Concluding Remarks -- Annex 4A: Information, Networks, and Learning -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Policy and Operational Implications -- Introduction -- Information Frictions and Enhancing Knowledge Connectivity -- Physical and Digital Connectivity -- Regulatory and Promotion Policies for OFDI -- Implications for Inward FDI Policy and Promotion -- Emerging Business Practices and Policy Making -- Unilateral National Reforms Can Spur Regional Engagement -- Implications of the Pandemic for Policy Prioritization and Regional Engagement -- Concluding Remarks: Toward a More Engaged South Asia -- Annex 5A: Implications for Policy and Operations -- Notes -- References -- Appendix A Consolidated Direct Investment Survey Data Augmentation -- Appendix B Data Description and Empirical Results -- Glossary -- Boxes -- Box 2.1 Internationalization Strategy Options for Serving Consumer Markets at Home and Abroad -- Box 3.1 Defining Inward and Outward Foreign Direct Investment -- Box 3.2 Issues with Global Foreign Direct Investment Data -- Box 3.4 Timeline of India's Gradual Path to Liberalization of OFDI -- Box 3.5 Promotional Measures for Outward FDI in Selected Economies -- Box 3.6 Summary of Outward Foreign Direct Investment Benefits from a Value Chain Perspective -- Box 3.7 How OFDI Helped MAS Holdings (Sri Lanka) Upgrade along the Apparel Value Chain.

Box 4.1 Estimated Equation for the Determinants of Outward Investment -- Figures -- Figure O.1 Low South Asian Intraregional Investment -- Figure O.2 Bilateral Knowledge Connectivity in South Asia, by Home Country -- Figure 1.1 IFDI Stock in Developing Economies from Regional versus Extraregional Source Economies, 2017 -- Figure 1.2 Intraregional Investment as a Share of IFDI from the World: Developing Economies versus All Economies, 2017 -- Figure 1.3 South Asian Intraregional Exports, 1990-2018 -- Figure 1.4 Bilateral Knowledge Connectivity in South Asia, by Home Country of Investors -- Figure 1A.1 Geographic Profile of South Asia -- Figure 2.1 Multinational Location Options and Frictions -- Figure B2.1.1 Internationalization Options for Serving Consumer Markets at Home and Abroad -- Figure 2.2 Relationship of Productivity to Serving Foreign Markets by Exporting and Investing Abroad -- Figure 3.1 Developing Economy Share of World OFDI Flows and Stocks -- Figure 3.2 Outward FDI Stock from Developing Economies to the World, 2017 -- Regional versus Extraregional Destination Economies -- Figure 3.3 Intraregional Investment as a Share of Total OFDI, 2017 -- Regional Developing Economies and All Regional Economies -- Figure 3.4 Intraregional Outward Foreign Direct Investment into South Asia, 2012-17 -- Figure 3.5 Outward Foreign Direct Investment from South Asia, 2012-17 -- Figure 3.6 Global Trends in Inward FDI Policies, 2003-18 -- Figure 3.7 Share of Female Chief Executive Officers in South Asia -- Figure 3.8 Outward Investors from Various Sectors (Based on International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities) -- Figure 3.9 Motivations for Investing in South Asia and outside South Asia -- Figure 3.10 Detailed Motivations for Investing in South Asia.

Figure B3.7.1 How OFDI Helped MAS Holdings Upgrade along the Apparel Smile Curve -- Figure 3.11 Distribution Investment Abroad -- Figure 3.12 Export Platform Investment -- Figure 3.13 Dynamic Story: From Distribution to Export Platform Investment -- Figure 3.14 Complex Investment with Horizontal, Vertical, and Export Platform Features -- Figure 3.15 Hybrid Horizontal Investment -- Figure 3.16 Horizontal Investment with a Twist -- Figure 3.17 Franchise Option -- Figure 3.18 Management Contracts and Investment in Hotels -- Figure 3A.1 Indirectly Routed Inflows from India's Top Foreign Direct Investment Sources -- Figure 4.1 Bilateral Knowledge Connectivity Scores, by Destination: Identification of Knowledge Surplus and Deficit Pairs -- Figure 4.2 Bilateral Network Connection Scores, by Destination -- Figure 4.3 Bilateral Trust Scores, by Destination -- Figure 4.4 The Knowledge-Trust Nexus: To Know Me Is to Trust Me? -- Figure 4.5 Networks Reduce the Fixed Entry Costs of Investing and Lead to More Investors with Greater Variability in Productivity -- Figure 4.6 Exporters Become Investors -- Figure 4.7 The Role of Conglomerates and Business Groups in South Asia -- Figure 4.8 Learning from Pioneers Induces Entry of Follower Firms by Reducing Follower Entry Costs -- Figure 4.9 Varying Reduction of Fixed Entry Costs of Investing Based on Level of Information Frictions -- Figure 4.10 Awareness of South Asian Investment Opportunities: Actual Investors -- Figure 4.11 Top Three Channels of Awareness of Investment Opportunities in South Asia and Outside South Asia, across Investors and Noninvestors -- Figure 4.12 Due Diligence Intermediaries, by Destination -- Figure 4A.1 Bilateral Knowledge Connectivity, Network Connectivity, and Trust: Raw Z-Scores.

Figure 5.1 Trends in World Trade in Goods versus Intellectual Property Payments, Services Imports, and Foreign Direct Investment Flows, 1990-2017 -- Figure 5A.1 Market Opportunities Dominate the Type of Information Support Requested -- Figure 5A.2 Access to Finance Dominates OFDI Support Requests -- Figure A.1 CDIS Data Augmentation Doubles Data Availability and Increases Value by US3 Trillion -- Figure A.2 Top Destinations for Outward FDI Stock from Each South Asian Economy, 2017 -- Figure A.3 Ease of Investing across Borders: Developing Regions, 2010 (0-100, best) -- Figure A.4 Geography of India's North Eastern Region -- Figure B.1 Comparison of Firm Activities: Full Sample versus Investors -- Tables -- Table 1.1 Case Studies in South Asian Intraregional Investment -- Table 1.2 South Asian Intraregional Goods Exports and Imports, 2018 (US millions) -- Table 1A.1 Profile of South Asian Economies, 2019 -- Table 1B.1 Sector Shares of Exports to South Asia and the Rest of the World, 2015 -- Table 1B.2 South Asian Intraregional Trade Agreements -- Table 2.1 Serving Foreign Markets: Alternative Modes in Rising Order of Fixed Entry Costs (1 Low-9 High) -- Table 3.1 South Asian Intraregional Investment Stocks, by Country, 2017 -- Table 3.2 Laws and Institutions Related to Outward Direct Investment Policy in South Asia -- Table 3.3 Summary of OFDI Regulatory Policies in South Asia -- Table B3.5.1 OFDI Policy Measures in Selected Economies -- Table 3.4 Laws and Institutions Related to Inward Foreign Direct Investment -- Table 3.5 Special Economic Zones in South Asia and East Asia and Pacific, 2018 -- Table 3.6 South Asian Outward Investments, by Investment Type and Investor Origin -- Table 3.7 Destination of South Asian Outward Investments -- Table 3.8 Sector Origin Breakdown, by Investor and Noninvestor, and Destination Region.

Table 4.1 Evolution of Investment Destinations: First Destination and Sequential Investing, by Investment Type.