Ebb and Flow : : Volume 2. Water in the Shadow of Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa.
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| Place / Publishing House: | Washington, D. C. : : World Bank Publications,, 2021. ©2021. |
| Year of Publication: | 2021 |
| Edition: | 1st ed. |
| Language: | English |
| Online Access: | |
| Physical Description: | 1 online resource (129 pages) |
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Table of Contents:
- Front Cover
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Executive Summary
- Abbreviations
- Chapter One: The Unprecedented Collision of Water Scarcity, Conflict, and Forced Displacement
- Key Highlights
- Introduction
- Focus of the Report
- Note
- References
- Chapter Two: Why and in What Contexts Does Water Contribute to Conflict and Forced Displacement?
- Key Highlights
- Introduction
- What Is the Evidence on the Links between Water Risks and Forced Displacement?
- What Is the Evidence on the Links between Water and Conflict?
- Does Forced Displacement Catalyze Conflict and Tensions over Water?
- Looking Ahead: Soaring Demand, Climate Change, and the Changing Nature of Conflict
- Conclusions
- Note
- References
- Chapter Three: Least Protected, Most Affected
- Key Highlights
- Introduction
- Who Are the Forcibly Displaced Populations and Their Host Communities?
- Where Do the Forcibly Displaced Populations Live and What Water Risks Do They Face?
- COVID-19 Exacerbates Existing Vulnerabilities and Creates New Challenges
- Conclusions
- Notes
- References
- Chapter Four: Water: An Opportunity for Protecting the Most Vulnerable and Building Resilience
- Key Highlights
- Introduction
- From People's Grievances to Regional Dynamics: An Integrated Framework to Respond to Water Risks during Protracted Forced Displacement
- The Path Not Taken: Trade-Offs between Short-Term Gains and Long-Term Sustainability Shape Success
- References
- Appendix A: Definitions of Selected Terms Used in This Report
- Appendix B: Water Conflict and Cooperation Event Data Sets
- Appendix C: Interviews with Key Informants
- Appendix D: Interviews with Refugees in Jordan and Lebanon
- Boxes
- Box 1.1: Climate Change, Population Growth, and the Middle East and North Africa's Water Crisis.
- Box 2.1: Influence of Water Risks on Migration and Conflict Relative to Socioeconomic and Political Factors
- Box 2.2: Climate Change in the Syrian Arab Republic
- Box 2.3: Complementary Approaches to Study the Links between Water-Related Variables, Migration, and Conflict
- Box 2.4: Basra: A Hot Spot of Water Scarcity and Fragility
- Box 2.5: Combined Impact of Conflict and Climate-Related Water Risks: Evidence from Lake Chad
- Box 3.1: Water Challenges in the Shatila Refugee Camp, Beirut, Lebanon
- Box 3.2: A Syrian's Access to Water in the Zaatari Camp
- Box 3.3: Water Risks and Those Left Behind
- Box 3.4: What Has COVID-19 Meant for Refugees' Water Security? Tales from Syrian Refugees in Jordan
- Box 4.1: Bridging Humanitarian Response and Development in Uganda: The Integrated Water Management and Development Project
- Box 4.2: Emerging Lessons from the Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project in the Horn of Africa
- Box 4.3: Controlled Environment Agriculture for Forcibly Displaced Populations and Host Communities
- Box C.1: Expert Elicitation Themes and Questions in Key Informant Questionnaire
- Box D.1: Topics and Questions on Impacts of COVID-19 and Water Security Questionnaire
- Figures
- Figure ES.1: Framework to Examine the Interplay of Water, Conflict, and Forced Displacement in the Middle East and North Africa
- Figure ES.2: Approach for Development Actors to Promote Water Security for Forcibly Displaced People and Their Host Communities
- Figure ES.3: Decision Points in Response to Water Risks Faced by Forcibly Displaced People and Their Hosy Communities
- Figure ES.4: Water in the Shadow of Conflict
- Figure 1.1: Framework to Examine the Interplay of Water, Conflict, and Forced Displacement in the Middle East and North Africa.
- Figure 2.1: Reasons for Leaving Place of Origin and Coming to Current Location among IDP Communities in Libya, June 2020
- Figure B2.1.1: Factors that Influence Migration in the Middle East and North Africa, by Influence and Uncertainty
- Figure B2.1.2: Ranking of Factors That Most Influence Armed Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa
- Figure B2.1.3: Changes in the Influence of Water Risks on Migration Rates under Increasing Climate Change
- Figure 2.2: Number of Domestic Events Related to Water Quality/Quantity in the Middle East and North Africa Displayed on a Conflict/Cooperation Scale, 1997-2009
- Figure 2.3: Number of International Water Events in the Middle East and North Africa Displayed on a Conflict/Cooperation Scale, 1948-2008
- Figure 2.4: Instances of Water Infrastructure Targeting in the Middle East and North Africa, 2011-18
- Figure 3.1: Countries and Economies of Origin of Forced Displacement, 2020
- Figure 3.2: Number of Refugees, Asylum Seekers, and Palestinian Refugees Hosted, by Country and Economy, 2020
- Figure 3.3: Share of Refugees and Asylum Seekers with Disability Status, by Country in the Middle East and North Africa, 2019
- Figure 3.4: Three Displacement Settings and Related Characteristics
- Figure 3.5: Access to Drinking Water and to Improved Unshared Sanitation Facilities by Area of Residence in West Bank and Gaza, Including Camps and Source of Water, 2014
- Figure 3.6: Access to Services among Syrian Arab Republic Refugees in Three Locations in Jordan, by Household with Disability, 2018
- Figure 3.7: Primary Humanitarian Needs of IDPs and Returnees in the Republic of Yemen, 2019
- Figure 3.8: Main Sources of Water among IDPs, Returnees, International Migrants, and Host Communities in Libya, 2020.
- Figure B3.3.1: Gaps in Networked Water Supply and Sanitation Services between Capital City and Other Areas
- Figure B3.3.2: Water Risks Are Associated with Higher Spatial Inequality in the Middle East and North Africa Region
- Figure 3.9: Share of International Migrant Population by Frequency of Access to Public Drinking Water Supply
- Figure 3.10: Percentage of Lebanese Households Exposed to E. coli at Point of Consumption and Distribution
- Figure 3.11: Access to Sanitation Services for Syrian Refugees, by Host Country and Location, 2017
- Figure 3.12: Water Quality Trends and Number of Refugees in Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon
- Figure 3.13: Performance Data for Selected Utilities in Kurdistan Region of Iraq, 2011 and 2017
- Figure 4.1: Approach for Development Actors to Promote Water Security for Forcibly Displaced People and Their Host Communities
- Figure 4.2: Decision Points, Pathways, and Water Security Outcomes for Forcibly Displaced People and their Host Communities
- Tables
- Table 2.1: Examples of International Water Events in the Middle East and North Africa, Ranked on a Conflict/Cooperation Scale, 1948-2008
- Table B.1: Number of Events Recorded in the WARICC Data Set by Event Type for Different Samples of the Full Data Set
- Table B.2: Countries Involved and Number of Events Recorded in the Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database by Event Type for Different Samples of the Full Data Set
- Table C.1: Key Informants Interviewed as Part of This Study.