Muhammad
!["Muhammad, the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Prophet's Mosque]] in [[Medina]]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Dark_vignette_Al-Masjid_AL-Nabawi_Door800x600x300.jpg)
Muhammad was born in approximately 570CE in Mecca. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, circa 610CE, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (''islām'') to God (''Allah'') is the right way of life (''dīn''), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.
Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijrah, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.
The revelations (''ayat'') that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices (''sunnah''), found in transmitted reports (hadith) and in his biography (''sīrah''), are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law. Provided by Wikipedia
1901
Published: 2002
1902
Published: 1357, =, 1988/89
1903
Published: 2010
Superior document: Mīrāṯ-i maktūb 191
1904
Published: 1414h, -, 1994
1905
Published: 2019.
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1906
Published: 2011.
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1907
Published: 1346, [=1967]
Superior document: Intišārāt-i Bunyād-i Farhang-i Īrān 23
1908
Published: [2020]
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1909
Published: 2023.
Superior document: SpringerBriefs in Economics Series
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1910
Published: 2023.
Superior document: Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research Series ; v.773
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1911
Published: 2014.
Superior document: International Perspectives on Education and Society, Volume 25
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1912
Published: [2015]
Superior document: Juris diversitas
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1913
Published: 2007
Publisher: بنیاد موقوفات دکتر محمود افشار یزدی / Bunyād-i Mauqūfāt-i Duktur Maḥmūd Afšār Yazdī
Superior document: Maǧmūʿa-i intišārāt-i adabī wa tārīḫī-i Mauqūfāt-i Duktur Maḥmūd Afšār Yazdī 117
1914
Other Authors:
“...Ṭaiyib al-Anṣārī, ʿAbd-ar-Raḥmān Ibn-Muḥammad aṭ-...”
1915
Published: 1958
Superior document: Bibliothèque iranienne 8
1916
Published: 1968
Publisher: دار الكاتب العربي للطباعه و لنشر / Dār al-Kātib al-ʿArabī li-ṭ-Ṭibāʿa wa-'n-Našr
Superior document: Ġāyat al-amānī fī aḫbār al-quṭr al-yamānī = A Chronicle of the history of Yemen Qism 2
1917
Published: 1968, 1388h
Publisher: دار الكاتب العربي للطباعه و لنشر / Dār al-Kātib al-ʿArabī li-ṭ-Ṭibāʿa wa-'n-Našr
Superior document: Ġāyat al-amānī fī aḫbār al-quṭr al-yamānī = A Chronicle of the history of Yemen [1]
1918
Published: 1968-
Publisher: دار الكاتب العربي للطباعه و لنشر / Dār al-Kātib al-ʿArabī li-ṭ-Ṭibāʿa wa-'n-Našr
1919
Published: 1976
Superior document: Buchreihe Ländermonographien 6
Links: Inhaltsverzeichnis
1920
Published: 1367, h.š., [1988]
Publisher: امیر کبیر / Mu'assasa-i Intišārāt-i Amīr Kabīr