Stern
![oclc=561361622}}](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/How_wooden_ships_are_built_78.jpg)
Sterns on European and American wooden sailing ships began with two principal forms: the ''square'' or ''transom'' stern and the ''elliptical'', ''fantail'', or ''merchant'' stern, and were developed in that order. The hull sections of a sailing ship located before the stern were composed of a series of U-shaped rib-like frames set in a sloped or "cant" arrangement, with the last frame before the stern being called the ''fashion timber(s)'' or ''fashion piece(s)'', so called for "fashioning" the after part of the ship. This frame is designed to support the various beams that make up the stern.
In 1817 the British naval architect Sir Robert Seppings introduced the concept of a rounded stern. The square stern had been an easy target for enemy cannon, and could not support the weight of heavy stern chase guns. But Seppings' design left the rudder head exposed, and was regarded by many as simply ugly—no American warships were designed with such sterns, and the round stern was quickly superseded by the elliptical stern. The United States began building the first elliptical stern warship in 1820, a decade before the British. became the first sailing ship to sport such a stern. Though a great improvement over the transom stern in terms of its vulnerability to attack when under fire, elliptical sterns still had obvious weaknesses which the next major stern development — the iron-hulled cruiser stern — addressed far better and with significantly different materials. Provided by Wikipedia
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Published: 2005
Superior document: IAA reports 26
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Published: 1982
Superior document: Forschungen in Augst 5
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Superior document: Africa now
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Published: [2022]
Superior document: Enthalten in Platia Magoula Zarkou : the Neolitic period / Eva Alram-Stern, Kostas Gallis, Giorgos Toufexis (Eds.) Wien : Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, [2022] Seite 609-632 Oriental and European archaeology ; Volume 23
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Published: 1990
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Published: [2015]
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Published: [2018]
Superior document: Enthalten in Pottery technologies and sociocultural connections between the Aegean and Anatolia during the 3rd Millenium BC ; Eva Alram-Stern, Barbara Horejs (eds.) Wien, [2018] Seite [9]-21 Oriental and European archaeology ; volume 10
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Published: 1978
Superior document: Lehrbuch der deutschen Geschichte 2,2
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Published: 1984
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Der römische Quellfund von Müllendorf, Bez. Eisenstadt, Burgenland / Eva Alram-Stern, Verena Gassner
Published: 1989
Superior document: Sonderdruck aus Archaeologia Austriaca ; 73 (1989)
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Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DGBA Literary and Cultural Studies - <1990
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Published: 2007
Superior document: Enthalten in The Lustrous wares of Late Bronze Age Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean ; Irmgard Hein (Ed.) Wien, 2007 S. [191] - 196 Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean ; 13
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Published: 1968