Stern
![oclc=561361622}}](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/How_wooden_ships_are_built_78.jpg)
Sterns on European and American wooden sailing ships began with two principal forms: the ''square'' or ''transom'' stern and the ''elliptical'', ''fantail'', or ''merchant'' stern, and were developed in that order. The hull sections of a sailing ship located before the stern were composed of a series of U-shaped rib-like frames set in a sloped or "cant" arrangement, with the last frame before the stern being called the ''fashion timber(s)'' or ''fashion piece(s)'', so called for "fashioning" the after part of the ship. This frame is designed to support the various beams that make up the stern.
In 1817 the British naval architect Sir Robert Seppings introduced the concept of a rounded stern. The square stern had been an easy target for enemy cannon, and could not support the weight of heavy stern chase guns. But Seppings' design left the rudder head exposed, and was regarded by many as simply ugly—no American warships were designed with such sterns, and the round stern was quickly superseded by the elliptical stern. The United States began building the first elliptical stern warship in 1820, a decade before the British. became the first sailing ship to sport such a stern. Though a great improvement over the transom stern in terms of its vulnerability to attack when under fire, elliptical sterns still had obvious weaknesses which the next major stern development — the iron-hulled cruiser stern — addressed far better and with significantly different materials. Provided by Wikipedia
141
Published: [2020]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter EBOOK PACKAGE COMPLETE 2020 English
142
Published: [2020]
143
Published: 2003
144
145
Published: c2009.
Superior document: World scientific studies in international economics ; 9
146
Published: c2002.
Superior document: Compass series
147
Published: [1956]
148
Published: 2011.
149
Published: 1992
Superior document: Vorträge / Rheinisch-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften : G, Geisteswissenschaften 313
150
Published: 2001.
151
152
Published: 2013.
Superior document: Studies in the archaeology and history of the Levant ; 5
153
154
155
156
Published: 2017.
Superior document: Stockholm Studies in Child Law and Children's Rights, Volume 2
157
Published: 1972
Superior document: Wissenschaftliche Beiträge der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg : C, Historische Beiträge 12
158
Published: 2015.
Links: Get full text
159
Published: 1977;, 1979.
160
Published: 1964
Superior document: All souls studies 3