Muhammad
!["Muhammad, the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Prophet's Mosque]] in [[Medina]]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Dark_vignette_Al-Masjid_AL-Nabawi_Door800x600x300.jpg)
Muhammad was born in approximately 570CE in Mecca. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, circa 610CE, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (''islām'') to God (''Allah'') is the right way of life (''dīn''), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.
Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijrah, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.
The revelations (''ayat'') that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices (''sunnah''), found in transmitted reports (hadith) and in his biography (''sīrah''), are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law. Provided by Wikipedia
1961
Published: 1364h.š, [1985]
Publisher: انتشارات توس / Intišārāt-i Tūs
Superior document: Intišārāt-i Tūs 276
1962
Published: 1378, [=1999]
Superior document: Intišārāt-i Asāṭīr 242
1963
Published: [2019]
Superior document: Mīrās̲-i Maktūb ; Zabān va adabīyāt-i Fārsī ; 131. 36
1964
Published: 1371, [=1992]
Superior document: Šāhnāma-i Firdausī [Ǧild 1-2]
1965
Published: 1371, [=1992]
Superior document: Šāhnāma-i Firdausī [Ǧild 3-4]
1966
Published: 1371, [=1992]
Superior document: Šāhnāma-i Firdausī [Ǧild 5-7]
1967
Published: 1886
1968
Published: [2023]
1969
Published: 2002
1970
Published: [2019]
1971
Published: [2019]
1972
Published: 2017;, 2017.
1973
Published: 2010.
Superior document: Beiträge Zur Komparativen Theologie
1974
Published: 2011.
Superior document: Beiträge zur Komparativen Theologie; volume3
1975
Published: 1374, , [=1995]
Superior document: Intišārāt-i Asāṭīr 188
1976
Published: 1388/2010
Superior document: Mīrāṯ-i Maktūb 190
1977
1978
Published: [2019]
1979
Published: [2019]
1980
Published: 1997